Solar Energy

 Shubhajit Basak(Roll no.11)

 Saumik Bhattyacharya(Roll no.17)
 Debraj Biswas( Roll no.20)

E.C.E, 2nd YEAR , Sec-A

B.P.P.I.M.T
 What is Solar Energy?
• The most precise Solar Energy definition : Energy
from the sun.
• But what is solar energy really?
There are two types of solar energy: Thermal
Energy & Electric Energy
• Thermal Energy: Thermal Energy is everywhere. It’s
lights up our days. It heats the earth, our bodies and
our homes. It dries our clothes . All for free!
• Electric Energy: Electric Energy uses the power of
the sun to produce electricity through solar cells,
otherwise known as Photovoltaics (PV).
 The Sun

• Diameter: 1.39E9 m (120 x greater than earth)

• Distance from earth = 1.495E11 m (93 million miles) ± 1.7%
• Center: Density ≅100 x density of water and T>1E6 K
• Powered by hydrogen fusion
• Composed of layers. The outer layer is the photosphere
• Effective blackbody temperature of 5777 K
Cont’d
 WhhyySSoolaarrEEnneerrgy
• World Energy Conservation
predicted estimation about the rate
of utilization of energy resources
shows that the coal deposits will
deplete within the next 200 to 300
years and petroleum deposits will
deplete in next few decades
• The most advantage using Solar
Energy is that this is distributed
over a wide geographical area,
ensuring that developing regions
such as India have access to
electricity generation at a stable
cost for the long-term future
• The huge consumption of fossil
fuels has caused visible damage to
the environment in various forms

Cont’d
 ImmppoorrtaanncceooffSSoolaarEEnnergy

The following table shows the amount of carbon

and sulphur deposited in the atmosphere

Amount deposited in the

S. No Activity atmosphere

1. Human Vehicle, Waste product etc 8 billion tones

2. Fossil fuels 6.5 million tones

3. Deforestation and forest firing 1.5 million tones

Att presentt so maannyaaltlteernnaattiviveffuuelslshhaavvebb enddeeveloloppeedd,stlilll theyaarre ableleto

m et onnlylya smallpprropporttioionoffouurractualddeemand--TThheerriigigghhttffuueellmmiixixx

Cont’d
Cont’d
 Solar
SSoolarlarRadiation
RRadadiatiatioionn
Solar
SolarRadiation
Radiation
Components
Components
••Ultra-Violet
Ultra-Violet (200nm
(200nmtoto400nm)
400nm) ••NNeeaarrininfrfraa-r-eredd(7(70000nnmmtoto1110000nnmm)
8.7%
8.7% 2288.1.1%%
••Visible
Visible(400nm
(400nmtoto700nm)
700nm) ••InInfrfararreedd//fafar-ri-ninfrfraarreedd(a(abboovvee11110000nnmm)
36.2% 2255.4.4%%
36.2
••Infra-red
Infra-red
% (700nm
(700nmtoto2500nm)
2500nm)
53.1%
53.1 SSililcicoonnPPVVeeffifcicieiennttUUsseess
%
RReeggioionnssOOnnlylyhheeaatitninggoorrTThheerrmmoo
PPhhoototoVVooltlataicic

SSoolaarrRRaaddiaattioonnLLeevveel
•A•Avveerraaggeerraadiaiattioionnouterssppaacce
VVooltltaaicicFFoorrmmooffrraaddiaiattioionn:
113366.7.7mmw/s/sqq.c.cmm DDififuusseeddoorrBBeeaammeedd
••RaaddiaiattioiononEEaarrtthhsurfaacce
Cont’d
Ref:107m
107mww/s/sq.1977
Thekaekara
Cuurrrreennttsolar eenneerrggyconsumption

Cont’d
 HIISTORIICAL MIILESTONE S
•• 1838
1838--Edmund
EdmundBecquerel Becquerelobserved
observed
materials
materialswhichwhichturn turnlight
lightinto
intoenergy
energy MMoouucchhoouuts‘s‘ SSoolalarrccooleleccttoorr
•• 1876
1876--78 78--William
WilliamAdams,Adams,wrotewrotethe the
first
firstbook
bookabout
aboutSolar SolarEnergy
Energycalled:
called:AAA
Substitute fortute
SSubsubstititute FuelforinforTropical
FFueuel inn
Tr opiopi
CCTrountr
Countries ccaand
ountraiilel esswas
andable
was to power
able a 2.5 a
to power
2.5
horsepower
horsepowersteam steamengine
engine
•• 1860-
1860-Auguste
AugusteMouchout,
Mouchout,used
used
direct
directconversion
conversionof
ofsolar
solarradiation
radiation
into
intomechanical
mechanicalpower.
power.
•• 1895
1895--Aubrey
AubreyEneas
Eneasformed
formedthethefirst
first
Solar
SolarEnergy
Energycompany
company
•• 1904
1904--Henry
HenryWillsie
Willsiebuilt
built22huge
huge
plants
plantsininCalifornia
Californiato
tostore
storegenerated
generated
power.
power.He Hewas
was the
the first
first to
to successfully
successfully
use
usepower
powerat atnight
nightafter
aftergenerating
generatingitit
during
duringthetheday
day
Cont’d
 HISTORICAL MILESTONES
•• 1954
1954-Calvin
-CalvinFuller,
Fuller,Gerald
GeraldPearson Pearson
and
andDaryl
DarylChaplin
Chaplinof ofBell
Bell
Laboratories
Laboratoriesdiscovered
discoveredthe theuse useof of
silicon
siliconas asaasemi-conductor,
semi-conductor,which which
ledto
led tothetheconstruction
constructionof ofaasolarsolar
panelwith
panel withananefficiency
efficiencyrate rateof of6%.
6%.
•• 1956
1956-The -Thefirst
firstcommercial
commercialsolar solarcellcell
was
wasmademadeavailable
availableto tothethepublicpublicatataa
very
veryexpensive
expensive$300 $300per
$300 perwatt watt
•• 1958-
1958-Vanguard
VanguardIIthe thefirst
firstsatellite
satellite
was
waslaunched
launchedthat thatused
usedsolarsolarenergy energy
to
togenerate
generateelectricity.
electricity.
•• 1970-
1970-The Energy
TheThe EEneneCrisis
rrggyyCCrr!iss(OPEC
iss!! (O(OPEoil
PECC
ooil
embargo)
embargo) Solar
Solarenergy
energyhistory
history was was
made
madeas asthe
theprice
priceof ofsolar
solarcells cells
droppeddramatically
dropped dramaticallyto toabout
about$20 $20
$2
pepewatt.
per rr 0
wwaat.t.
Cont’d
 DDissccoovveerrSSoolaarrPPaanneelss
HHOOWWITTWWOORRKKSS
1)1) Sunlight
Sunlighthit
hitthe
thesolar
solarpanel
panel(photovoltaic/
(photovoltaic/
PV)
PV)and
andabsorbed
absorbedby bysemi-conducting
semi-conducting
materials
materialssuch
suchasassilicone.
silicone.
2)2) Electrons
Electronsare
areknocked
knockedloose
loosefrom
fromtheir
their
atoms,
atoms,which
whichallow
allowthem
themtotoflow
flowthrough
throughthe
the
material
materialtotoproduce
produceelectricity.
electricity.This
Thisprocess
process
isiscalled
calledthe
thephotovoltaic
photovoltaic(PV)
(PV)effect.
effect.
3)3) An
Anarray
arrayofofsolar
solarpanels
panelsconverts
convertssolar
solar
energy
energyinto
intoDCDC(direct
(directcurrent)
current)electricity.
electricity.
4)4) The
TheDC
DCelectricity
electricityenters
entersan
aninverter.
inverter.
5)5) The
Theinverter
inverterturns
turnsDC
DCelectricity
electricityinto
into120-volt
120-volt
AC
AC(alternating
(alternatingcurrent)
current)
6)6) The
TheAC
ACpower
powerenters
entersthe
theutility
utilitypanel
panelininthe
the
house.
house.
7)7) The
Theelectricity
electricity(load)
(load)isisthen
thendistributed
distributedto
to
appliances
appliancesororlights
lightsininthe
thehouse.
house.

Cont’d
 DDissccoovveerrSSoolaarrPPaanneelss
HHOOWWITTWWOORRKKSS
8)8) When
Whenmore
moresolar
solarenergy
energyisisgenerated
generatedititcan
canbebe
stored
storedininaabattery
batteryas
asDC
DCelectricity
electricityand
andwill
will
continue
continuetotosupply
supplyyour
yourhome
homewithwithelectricity
electricityinin
the
theevent
eventofofaapower
powerblackout
blackoutor orat
atnighttime.
nighttime.

9)9) When
Whenthe
thebattery
batteryisisfull
fullthe
theexcess
excesselectricity
electricitycan
can
be
beexported
exportedback
backinto
intothe
theutility
utilitygrid,
grid,ififyour
your
system
systemisisconnected
connectedto toit.
it.
10)
10) Utility
Utility supplied
supplied electricity
electricity can
can also
also be
be drawn
drawn form
form
the
thegrid
gridwhen
whennot
notenough
enoughsolar
solarenergy
energyisis
produced
produced

11)
11)The
Theflow
flowofofelectricity
electricityininand
andout
outofofthe
theutility
utilitygrid
grid
isismeasured
measuredby byaautility
utilitymeter,
meter,which
whichspins
spins
backwards
backwards(when
(whenyouyouareareproducing
producingmore
moreenergy
energy
that
thatyou
youneed)
need)andandforward
forward(when
(whenyouyourequire
require
additional
additionalelectricity
electricityfrom
fromthe
theutility
utilitycompany).
company).
The
Thetwo
twoare
areoffset
offsetensuring
ensuringthat
thatyou
youonly
onlypay
payforfor
the
theadditional
additionalenergy
energyyou youuse
usefrom
fromthetheutility
utility
company.
company.ThisThissystem
systemisisreferred
referredtotoas
as"net-
"net-
metering".
metering".
Cont’d
 SSoolaarrPPhhoottoovvoolaticsin India
•• Begun
Begunas asfar
farback
backas asininthe
themid
mid70’s
70’s
solar
solarphotovoltics
photovolticsprogramme
programmeof ofthe
the
Government
Governmentof ofIndia
Indiaisisone
oneofofthe
the
largest
largestininthe
theWorld
World
•• Reliefs
Reliefsoffered
offered byby government
government on on
SPVmanufacturers
SPV manufacturers and andusers
users of
of SPV
SPV
basedproducts
based products::
** 100%
100%depreciation
depreciationin inthe
thefirst
firstyear
yearofof
installation
installationofofthe
thesystems
systems
** No
Noexcise
exciseduty
dutyfor
formanufacturers
manufacturers
** Low
Lowimport
importtariff
tarifffor
forseveral
severalraw
raw
materials
materialsandandcomponents
components
** Soft
Softloans
loansto tousers,
users,intermediaries
intermediaries PPoosstataggeeSStatammppppuubblisishheeddBByy
and
andmanufacturers.
manufacturers. InInddiaiaGGoovveernrnmmeenntt
Cont’d
 SSoolarPhhoottoovvolatticsin Inndia((ccoonntt’’d)
Proomoottiingusseof PVtteechnoollogy to Proviide Liighttiingiin
Viilllagesiintthhe formooff:

Systems Capacity Uses

Community lighting systems 1KW to 2.5 KW Small household lighting system

Portable solar lanterns 10Wp SPV module lighting 7 W CFL lamp for 3
hours a day

Street lights 75Wp SPV module Charging 100-130AH battery to

Fixed home lighting systems
Water Pumping
run a 11W CFL lamp for dusk to
dawn operation
35-50Wp SPV module powering two CFLs -- 9 or 11W ,
work 4-5 hours /day,
run a small TV set or a fan
1KW DC motor shallow pumping

Cont’d
 PPRRAACCTTICCAALLAAPPPPLLICCAATTIOONNSSOOFFSSOOLLAARREENNEERRGGYY

Soalarrpoowerred“AAuuttooRRicickksshhaaww”

NAASSAdesigigned Soalarrpowerred
vehiciclele--“HHEELLIOIOSS”

Cont’d
 PPRRAACCTTICCAALLAAPPPPLLICCAATTIOONNSSOOFFSSOOLLAARREENNEERRGGYY

Semi i auttonomoouusWWaarr
macchhinine--”OOddyyssseeuuss”

Soalarrcarr-- “QQuuaanntt”

Cont’d
 PPRRAACCTTICCAALLAAPPPPLLICCAATTIOONNSSOOFFSSOOLLAARREENNEERRGGYY

Solar streetlilgighhtt

Solar cookkeeruusseedin
RRuurraalInnddiaa

Cont’d
 Solar Energy Advantages
• Saves you money
• After the initial investment has been recovered, the energy from the sun is
practically FREE.
• Financial incentives are available form the government that will reduce your
cost.

• Environment friendly
• It's not affected by the supply and demand of fuel and is therefore not
subjected to the ever-increasing price of gasoline.
• Solar Energy is clean, renewable (unlike gas, oil and coal), sustainable and
helping to protect our environment.
• As we see previously ,it does no pollute air.
• Therefore Solar Energy does not contribute to global warming, acid rain or
smog. It actively contributes to the decrease of harmful green house gas
emissions. By not using any fuel, Solar Energy does not contribute to the cost
and problems of the recovery and transportation of fuel or the storage of
radioactive waste.
Cont’d
 Solar Energy Advantages (cont’d)
• Low/ no maintenance
• Solar Energy systems are virtually maintenance free and will last for
decades.
• Once installed, there are no recurring costs. They operate silently, have no
moving parts, do not release offensive smells and do not require you to
add any fuel. More solar panels can easily be added in the future when
your family's needs grow.

Cont’d
 Solar Energy- Main Drawbacks
• The initial cost is the main disadvantage of installing a solar energy
system, largely because of the high cost of the semi-conducting
materials used in building one.
• The cost of solar energy is also high compared to non-renewable
utility-supplied electricity.
• Solar panels require quite a large area for installation to achieve a
good level of efficiency.
• The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the sun,
although this problem can be overcome with the installation of
certain components. The production of solar energy is influenced
by the presence of clouds or pollution in the air. Similarly, no solar
energy will be produced during nighttime although a battery
backup system and/or net metering will solve this problem.
• As far as solar powered cars go - their slower speed might not
appeal to everyone caught up in today's rat race.

Cont’d
 FINAL VERDICT
AA11-kkiloowwaatttthhoommeessoolaarrssyysstteemmwwilpprreevveennttaapppprrooxximmaatteelyy117700
lbbss.ooffccooaalffrroommbbeeinnggbbuurrnneedd,330000lblbssooffCCOO22ffrroommbbeeinngg
rreeleeaasseeddininttootthheeaattmmoosspphheerreeaanndd110055ggaalolonnssooffwwaatteerrffrroomm
bbeeinnggccoonnssuummeeddeeaacchhmmoonntthh!
Tools For Adoption & Acceleration SoalarrEnerrgy Coleleccttorr

•• Penalizing
Penalizingextractive
extractiveand
andpolluting
polluting
fossil-fuel
fossil-fueleenergy
nergy

•• Create
CreateIncentives
Incentives
–– Feed-in
Feed-intariffs
tariffs
–– Net SoalarrDisish
Netmetering
metering
–– Rebates
Rebates
–– Consumer
Consumertaxtaxdeductions
deductions
–– Production
ProductionTax
Taxcredits
credits

•• Invest
InvestininR&D
R&D
Cont’d
 CCaannssoolaarrddooiitt aall??
No!
But it can do much more
than it does now.
“Old guys” don’t know
about
solar design.
It is up to the “New
Graduates”
to promote solar.
Cont’d
Thank You