www.thecartech.com 1
Combustion
VC Chamber
Gasket
TDC
Piston
VS Stroke
Cylinder
BDC
Connecting Bore
Rod
Crank Shaft
Crank Radius
Stroke
www.thecartech.com 2
Compression ratio (r)
Volume above piston at BDC
r
Volume above piston at TDC
VC VS
r
VC
VS
r 1
VC
• VC = Clearance volume
• VS = Swept volume = /4 D2 L
Stroke VS VS VS VS
BDC
Bore
• Ve = VS n
• Ve = (/4) D2 L n
Where:
Ve = engine capacity, Vs = cylinder swept volume
n = number of cylinders, L = stroke, D = bore diameter
www.thecartech.com 4
Volumetric Efficiency V
Air Entering the Engine
ηV
Engine Displacement
www.thecartech.com 5
Volumetric Efficiency V (cont.)
• Engines are only capable of 80% to 90%
volumetric efficiency.
• Volumetric efficiency depends upon throttle
opening and engine speed as well as
induction and exhaust system layout, port
size and valve timing and opening duration.
• High volumetric efficiency increases engine
power.
• Turbo charging is capable of increasing
volumetric efficiency
www.thecartech.com 6
Indicated mean effective pressure
(imep)
Factors affecting imep:
• Compression ratio
• Air/fuel ratio
• Volumetric efficiency
• Ignition timing
• Valve timing and lift
• Air pressure and
temperature
www.thecartech.com 7
Pressure, Force, Work & Power
F (N)
a A (m2) c
p = imep (N/m2)
L (m)
F= P.A (N)
b
www.thecartech.com 8
(Pi) engine = [imep. Ve . Ne/ (k . 60)] (W)
Engine Indicated Power (Pi)
Engine power factors: Pi = imep.Ve.Ne / (60. k)
• Engine capacity (Ve)
• Engine Speed (rpm) (Ne)
• Number of strokes “k”
k=2, four stroke engine
k=1, two stoke engine
• (imep):
volumetric efficiency,
compression ratio,
ignition quality, mixture
strength, temperature …
www.thecartech.com 9
Engine friction
Three types of friction-
bearing surfaces in
automobile engines:
• Journal
• Guide
• Thrust
www.thecartech.com 10
Engine Brake Power (Pb)
-This is the power developed at the
crankshaft or flywheel.
-The term brake originated from the method
used to determine an engine’s power
output by measuring the torque using
some form of friction dynamometer.
www.thecartech.com 11
Engine Mechanical Efficiency m
• Pb = Pi - Pf
Where:
Pi = indicated power
Pb= brake power
Pf = friction power
m = Pb / Pi
www.thecartech.com 12
Engine Brake Power (Pb)
• P b = P i m
• Pb = (imep Ve Ne / 60 k) m
• Pb = (imep m)Ve Ne / 60 k
• Pb = bemp Ve Ne / 60 k
Where:
bmep = brake mean effective pressure
bmep = imep m
www.thecartech.com 14
Engine Torque Te
Torque and crankshaft angle:
Work is also accomplished
when the torque is applied
through an angle.
• Distance xy = rθ
• W = F . xy = F r θ = T θ
• W per one revolution = T (2)
• P = W/t = T (2)/t = Tω/1000
Where: ω = 2 Ne/60
www.thecartech.com 15
Engine Torque Te (Cont.)
• Pb = Tω =Te(2 Ne/60x1000) = Te Ne / 9550 (kW)
• =bmep . Ve . Ne / k 60 = Te (2 Ne/60)
• Te = bmep . Ve / 2 . K
Where:
Pe = Engine power (kW)
Ne = Engine speed (rpm)
Te = Engine torque (Nm)
bemp = brake mean effective pressure (Pa)
Ve = engine capacity (m3)
k = 2, for 4-stroke engines
1, for 2-stroke engines
www.thecartech.com 16
Engine Torque Te (Cont.)
- There is a direct
relationship between
BMEP and torque
output.
- The torque curve with
engine rpm is identical to
the bmep curve, with
different values.
www.thecartech.com 17
Engine Fuel consumption (FC)
The amount of fuel an engine consumes can
be measured by:
• volume (cm3 or liter) per (sec. or mint, or hr)
or
• mass (kg) per (sec, or mint, or hr).
www.thecartech.com 18
Engine Specific Fuel Consumption
(SFC)
• Specific fuel consumption represents the
mass or volume of fuel an engine
consumes per hour while it produces 1 kW
of power.
• Typical gasoline engines will have an SFC
of about 0.3 kg/(kW.h).
• SFC is an indication of the engine’s
thermal or heat efficiency.
.
SFC m
• P (kg/h)/kw or kg/(kw h)
b
www.thecartech.com 19
Engine Thermal Efficiency (th)
• The efficiency of an engine in converting the
heat energy contained in the liquid fuel into
mechanical energy is termed its thermal
efficiency.
• The petrol engine is particularly inefficient and
at its best may reach 25% efficiency.
• The thermal efficiency of a diesel engine can
reach 35% due to its higher compression
ratio.
www.thecartech.com 20
Thermal Efficiency (Cont.)
www.thecartech.com 21
Thermal Efficiency (th) (Cont.)
Pb . 60 .60
brake thermal efficiency (η th ) .
m . CV
3600 Pb
brake thermal efficiency (η th ) .
V . ρ . CV
where:
.
www.thecartech.com 22
Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)
& Thermal efficiency (th)
www.thecartech.com 23
Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)
& Thermal efficiency (th)
• A mirror reflection of
the SFC curve shows
the shape of the
engine’s thermal
efficiency curve.
• The lowest point on
the SFC curve
becomes the highest
point on the thermal
efficiency curve.
www.thecartech.com 24
Power Units
• BHP (bhp) = 550 ft lb/s
• PS = 75 kg m/s
• kW = 1000 (N m/s)