According to WHO , “ It means a total well

being in all aspects of reproduction :

physical ,emotional, behavioral & social.”

It refers to healthy reproductive organs with

normal function
1. Providing awareness regarding the
contraceptive pills or birth control methods for
both men and women.

2. To prevent and control Sexually transmitted

diseases.

3. To help manage disorders related to

reproductive system.
 The program me “family planning” initiated
in 1951.

 Reproductive and child health care (ACH)

 Sexually transmitted diseases (STD).

 Amniocentesis: A fetal sex determination

test based on the chromosomal pattern in
the amniotic fluid surrounding the
developing embryo.

 ‘Saheli’
an oral contraceptive for female,
developed by CDRI.
 Use of audio visual aids like –TV & radio
,print medias like newspaper & magazines.

 Introduction of sex education in schools.

 Knowledge about various sex related aspects

 About reproductive organ
 Adolescence ,various physical and hormonal changes
 Safe and hygienic sexual practices
 STDs
 AIDS , Hepatitis B
 Educating marriageable age groups and couples

 Bringing up socially conscious healthy families.

 Birth control options
 Care for pregnant mother
 Post natal care of the mother and child
 Importance of breast feeding
 Equal oppurtunities for the male and female child

 Educating the mass

 Problems of uncontrolled population growth
 social evils like sex abuse and sex related crimes
 Drug , alcohol and tobacco abuse
 Increased growth rate is due to :
1. Decline in Death rate
2. Decline in maternal mortality rate(MMR)
3. Decline in Infant mortality rate (IMR)
4. Increase in number of people in the
reproducible age
IMPACT
 Socio-economic problems –lack of space and food
 Increased unemployment
 Shortage of raw materials
 Lack of housing resulting in poor health
 Ecological imbalance -deforestation
 It is a scientific study of human population

 In 2012 population of world -7.046 billion

 In 2006 population of world -6.30 billion

 In 2012 population of India -1.237 billion

1. Contraceptive pills:(hormones) they alter the
ovulatory cycle

2. Preventing fertilisation
a) Use of intra uterine contraceptive devices like cooper T
b) Vaginal diaphragms,Condoms
c) Tubal ligation in females or Vasectomy in males

3. Medical termination of pregnancy or abortion

4. Family planning : “Small family ,happy family”

Logo-
Natural Barrier Intra uterine
methods methods devices

Oral Injection or Surgical

administration implants methods
of pills
 Periodic abstinence: Not having sex from the
10th -17th day of menstrual cycle.

 Withdrawal or coitus interruptus: Withdrawing

from the act before ejaculation of sperm in the
vagina.

 Lactational amenorrhea: During breast feeding

i.e a period of 5-6 months the ovulation does
not occur hence no menstrual cycle.
BARRIERS USED BY MALES
condoms-they are made up of thin rubber
which covers the penis. The ejected sperm
remains in it preventing conception .It also
protects from STDs

 BARRIERS USED BY FEMALES

Use of Diaphragms, cervical cap and vaults
Spermicidal creams , jellies, foams may also be
used to stop entry of the sperm
 Special devices that are inserted into the
uterus
1. non-medical IUD like Lippes loop
2. Copper releasing IUDs- copper T (Cu T),
Cu 7,multiload 375

3. Hormone releasing IUDs-progestasert, LNG-20

IUDs increases phagocytosis of sperm

Cu suppress sperm motility
 Pills contain small doses of progesterone-estrogen
combination
estrogen in the pill works to:
 Stop the pituitary gland from producing follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in order to prevent ovulation.
 Support the uterine lining (endometrium) to prevent breakthrough
bleeding mid-cycle.

progestin works to:

 Stop the pituitary gland from producing LH in order to prevent egg
release.
 Make the uterine lining inhospitable to a fertilized egg.
 Partially limit the sperm's ability to fertilize the egg.

 Taken after a gap of 7 days from menstrual cycle for 21

days continuously

 They inhibit ovulation and implantation

  Injectionof progesterone –estrogen hormone
Delestrogen
DEPO-Estradiol
Premarin I.V

Also called sterilisation techniques

They are irreversible

These methods block the transport of gamete

 Vasectomy –in males
Small part of vas deferens is
tied up or removed through
a small incision
on the scrotum

• Tubectomy-in females
small part of fallopian tube is removed or tied
through a small incision in the abdomen or
through vagina
 It is voluntary termination of pregnancy
 It is recommended under certain medical
conditions.
 MTPs are safe upto 12 weeks of pregnancy
AMNIOCENTESIS
 Theyare also known as Venereal diseases
(VD) or Reproductive tract infections (RTI)

 They are highly infectious

 Theyspread from an infected person to a

healthy person by sexual contact
e Causative agent Symptoms
Bacteria  Infects mucous membranes of urinogenital tract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae  Genital discharge ,painful urination
 Thick, cloudy or bloody discharge from the penis or vagina
Abnormal menstrual bleeding
Painful, swollen testicles
 Children have eye infection
Bacteria  burning sensation at urination
Treponema pallidium Later causes sores in mouth
•A small, painless sore (chancre) on the part of your body wh
infection was transmitted, usually your genitals, rectum, ton
lips. A single chancre is typical, but there may be multiple s
•Enlarged lymph nodes.
iasis Trichomonas vaginalis  Vaginal irritation, itching and discharge
Protozoa Clear, white, greenish or yellowish vaginal discharge
Strong vaginal odor
Pain during sexual intercourse
HIV  Destroy the immune system of body
Persistent cough and fever
Body attacked by other diseases like pneumonia ,TB
Swollen lymph glands
B Hepatitis virus  Abdominal pain or discomfort, especially in the area of you
your right side beneath
your lower ribs
 Loss of appetite
 Most experts define infertility as not being able
to get pregnant after at least one year of
trying. Women who are able to get pregnant
but then have repeat miscarriages are also said
to be infertile.
 Pregnancy is the result of a complex chain of
events. In order to get pregnant:
 A woman must release an egg from one of her
ovaries (ovulation).
 The egg must go through a fallopian tube
toward the uterus (womb).
 A man's sperm must join with (fertilize) the egg
along the way.
 The fertilized egg must attach to the inside of
the uterus (implantation).
 Assistedreproductive technology (ART) is a
term that describes several different methods
used to help infertile couples.

 ARTinvolves removing eggs from a woman's

body, mixing them with sperm in the laboratory
and putting the embryos back into a woman's
body.
 IVF-ET: in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer.

 GIFT : gamete intra fallopian transfer

 ZIFT : zygote intra fallopian transfer

 IUI: intrauterine insemination

 ICSI : intra cytoplasmic sperm injection

 In vitro means fertilization outside of the body.

 It is often used when a woman's fallopian tubes

are blocked or when a man produces too few
sperm.
 Doctors treat the woman
with a drug that causes
the ovaries to produce
multiple eggs.

 Once mature, the eggs

are removed from the woman.

 They are put in a dish in

the lab along with the man's
sperm for fertilization.

 After3 to 5 days, healthy

embryos are implanted
in the woman's uterus.
 ZIFT or Tubal Embryo Transfer is similar to
IVF.
 Fertilization occurs in the laboratory.
 Then the very young embryo is transferred to
the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.
 ITinvolves transferring eggs and sperm into
the woman's fallopian tube.
 So fertilization occurs in the woman's body.
 IT is often used for couples
in which there are serious
problems with the sperm.

 Sometimes it is also used

for older couples or for those
with failed IVF attempts.

 In ICSI, a single sperm is injected into a mature egg.

 Then the embryo is transferred to the uterus or

fallopian tube.
 The semen is collected from the male
 It is artificially introduced into the vagina or
uterus
 ART procedures sometimes involve the use of
donor eggs (eggs from another woman), donor
sperm, or previously frozen embryos.

 Donor eggs are sometimes used for women who

can not produce eggs.

 Also, donor eggs or donor sperm is sometimes

used when the woman or man has a genetic
disease that can be passed on to the baby