ULTRA
August 9th, 2012
Coal-fired Build Rate: China and United States
Source: http://www.netl.doe.gov/coal/refshelf/ncp.pdf 273 GW of
Undetermined Dates
90 of Chinese Plants
Results are Stacked
80
70
Capacity (GW)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Online Year
Planned no date
(evenly distributed
over 4 years)
16
Source: http://www.netl.doe.gov/coal/refshelf/ncp.pdf
Towards Sustainable Energy and Environment
Use domestic energy
sources to achieve energy Carbon
Wind ,
independence with
Hydro Hydrogen
environmental sustainability Geo Ethanol Chemicals
Recycled CO2
Nuclear Refining Methanol
DME
Synthesis Gasoline
Solar
Gas
Diesel
Fossil Jet Fuel
Biomass
Use carbon Municipal Electricity
neutral energy Solid Heat
Wastes
sources
(NETL, 2011)
MEA Challenges
Corrosion and solvent degradation
High capital and operating costs
(NETL, 2010) High parasitic energy penalty
Solid Sorbents & Chemical Looping Technologies
CO2BOLs
Phase changing absorbents
Straightforward synthesis
Easy to scale up
Design and Synthesis of liquid-like NOHMs
NOHM-I-HPE (or NOHM-I-PEG) NOHM-C-HPE and NOHM-C-MPE NOHM-C-HPE-POSS PEG
* POSS = Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane
Ionic Covalent
NOHM-I-PEI NOHM-I-tPE “PEG”: polyethylene glycol
“PE”: polyetheramine
“PEI”: polyethyleneimine
140ºC
NOHMs
120ºC
140ºC ~80%
Unbound polymer
120ºC
Ordered and Frustrated Corona?
Pure Polymer NOHMs
TEM Images
in-plane
out-of-plane
Ethomeen
3.3 chains/nm2
4.2 chains/nm2
Effect of chain size (NOHM-I-PEG) Swelling ratio at 60 oC & PCO2 = 0.8-5.5 MPa
NOHMs
Polymers
Amine
Amine
Selectivity Recyclability
CO2
+
Simulated flue gas
(CO2, O2, N2)
O2, N2
Biological fixation
Statoil’s Sleipner
Basalt
Labradorite
Magnesium-based Ultramafic Rocks
(Serpentine, Olivine) Photo by Dr. Jürg Matter at LDEO (2008)
Incongruent Dissolution of Silicate Minerals
Serpentine, Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 H+ 3 x10-7
Mg Reaction Rate
mol m-2 s-1
10-7 Catechol
+ 2H+ H+ & Oxalate
Oxalate
Catechol
Challenges: No Catalyst
10 -8
•Slow dissolution kinetics of silicate minerals
0.1 1 10 60
in nature Time (min) High Mg recovery
•Diffusion-limiting ash layer formation (>85% in <1hr)
100
Catechol
•Highest reported conversion: 9% (Gerdemann et
Mg Recovery (%)
80 & Oxalate
al., 2007)
Mg2+
60
2H+
Oxalate 40 Oxalate
20 Catecho
Mg-bearing
No Catalys
mineral
0
0 20 40 60
Time (min)
Bio-catalyst
Industrial Make-up
CO2 sources Carbonic
Flue gas anhydrase (CA)
Bubble column
Chemical catalyst reactor with CA
Mg and Si-targeting CO2(g) + H2O H2CO3
Chelating agents H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
HCO3- H+ + CO32-
Dissolution reactor
Serpentine CO32-(aq)
Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 6H+
3Mg2+ + 2Si(OH)4 + H2O Recycled
Carbonation reactor process
Mine water
Mg2+(aq) Mg2+ + CO32- MgCO3
L/S separator