Unit 6: Ionic & Covalent

Compounds, Lewis Structures

Chapter 5 & 6
 Key Concepts
• Ionic, Covalent, Metallic Compounds
• Polar/Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
• Bond Length, Bond Strength
• Resonance Structures
• Lewis Dot Structures
• VSEPR Theory
• Molecular Shapes
• Molecular Polarity
 Compounds
• Ionic (M/NM):
– e- are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal
forming charged ions that stick together

• Covalent (NM/NM):
– e- are shared in overlapping molecular orbitals

• Metallic (M/M):
– e- move freely between atoms
 Octet Rule
• Octet Rule: atoms gain or lose e- to attain an
e- configuration of the nearest noble gas

Duet Rule: 2 val e- for hydrogen

Octet Rule: 8 val e- for all others
 Ions
• Ion: atom/molecule with a charge
+1 0
+2 +3 ±4 -3 -2 -1

TM form ions with various charges

When an atom or molecule gains a negative electron, it becomes a negative ion

When an atom or molecule loses a negative electron, it becomes a positive ion
Ionic Compounds (M/NM)
 Ionic Compounds (M/NM)
• Ionic (M/NM):
– e- are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal
forming charged ions that stick together

Cation
Anion

[Overall charge is neutral] Ionic compounds (salts)

form a crystal lattice structure
 Covalent Compounds (NM/NM)
• Covalent (NM/NM):
– e- are shared in overlapping molecular orbitals
 Metallic Compounds
• Metallic (M/M):
– Delocalized e- move freely between atoms
 Ionic Compounds (M/NM)
• Ionic (M/NM):
– e- are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal
forming charged ions that stick together

Cation
Anion

[Overall charge is neutral] Ionic compounds (salts)

form a crystal lattice structure
 Unknown Ionic Compounds Lab
Identify the metal cation and nonmetal anion
components of an unknown ionic compound

M NM
*Every group will receive a different set of unknown compounds to identify
Unknown Ionic Compounds Lab

M NM
Unknown Ionic Compounds Lab

M NM
Flame Test
Unknown Ionic Compounds Lab

M NM
Flame Test AgNO3 Test
Unknown Ionic Compounds Lab

M NM
Flame Test HCl Test

AgNO3 Test
 Covalent Compounds (NM/NM)
• Covalent (NM/NM):
– e- are shared in overlapping molecular orbitals
 Covalent Bonds
• Nonpolar Covalent Bond: e- are shared equally
• Polar Covalent Bond: e- are attracted to the
atom with higher electronegativity
 Covalent Bonds
• Ex. Determine polar or nonpolar. Draw a
dipole arrow towards the more negative side

 H-Cl
 O-H
 C-C
+ -
 O-F
 S-O
 Polarity

None Difference in Electronegativity High

Nonpolar Polar
Covalent Covalent Ionic

C-C C - Cl Na - Cl
 Bond Length & Bond Strength
• Atoms form single, double, or triple bonds
depending on what’s needed to make an octet

Longer/Weaker Shorter/Stronger
 Resonance
• Resonance: more than one Lewis structure
can be drawn because there’s an extra bond
that moves between two or more locations
– The bonds have the same length and strength!
They’re not like one single bond and one double
bond, but more like two 1 ½ bonds
• Ex.
– SO2
– CO32-
 Lewis Structures
• Lewis Structures: drawing valence e- using dots
Count the valence e- in the highest energy level
(the outermost orbital)

Covalent bonds
are drawn using lines

Both need one more e-

2 e- in each bond!
They share each other’s e-
to fulfill the octet rule Shared e- form a covalent bond
 Lewis Structures
• Drawing Lewis structures:
1. Count the total number of valence e-
2. Draw the SKELETON Lewis structure
• Arrange the atoms with carbon in the middle
• Draw single bonds between atoms (2 e- in each bond)
3. Satisfy octet/duet rule for each atom
• Draw 8 e- around each atom
4. Confirm the total number of valence e-
• Compare to the total number of valence e- you counted to
the total number you should have (from step 1)
• If there are too many e-, add double/triple bonds until
they are equal
 Lewis Structures
• Ex: Draw the Lewis structure for O2
 Lewis Structures
• Ex: Draw the Lewis structure for O2

6 + 6 = 12 valence e-
 Lewis Structures
• Ex. Draw the Lewis structure for CH3I
 Lewis Structures
• Ex. Draw the Lewis structure for CH3I

..

..
..

1 + 1 + 1 + 4 + 7 = 14 valence e-
 Electron Pairs
• Bond Pairs: e- pairs in a bond (line)
• Lone Pairs: e- pairs not in a bond (dots)

Lone Pairs

Bonded Pairs
 VSEPR Theory
• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory:
the shape of a molecule is determined by the
valence e- around the central atom
– Valence e- pairs (bond & lone) repel each other
and spread out as far as possible
 Molecular Shapes

..

2 bonded pairs 2 bonded pairs 3 bonded pairs 3 bonded pairs

4 bonded pairs
(two double bonds) 1 or 2 lone pairs 1 lone pair (one double bond)

Hint: atoms always want 4 pairs (8 e-) according to the octet rule!
 Molecular Models Activity
• Models:
– Clay = atoms
– Toothpicks = bonded pairs (2 e-)
– Thumbtack = lone pair (2 e-)
POLAR: there are poles

NONPOLAR: there are no poles

 Molecular Polarity
• Molecular Polarity: determine whether bond
dipoles cancel out or make + and - poles

Dipoles reinforce one another Dipoles cancel out

Polar Molecule Non-Polar Molecule

Hint: if all the atoms around the central atom are the same, the molecule is non-polar
Lewis Structure, Shape, Polarity
Molecule Lewis Structure Molecular Shape Molecular Polarity

CH4

HCN

SO2

NO3-
Lewis Structure, Shape, Polarity
Molecule Lewis Structure Molecular Shape Molecular Polarity

CH4
8 e-

HCN
10 e-

SO2
18 e-

NO3-
24 e-
Lewis Structure, Shape, Polarity
Molecule Lewis Structure Molecular Shape Molecular Polarity

CH4
8 e-

HCN
10 e-

SO2
18 e-

NO3-
24 e-
Lewis Structure, Shape, Polarity
Molecule Lewis Structure Molecular Shape Molecular Polarity

CH4 Tetrahedral
8 e-

HCN Linear
10 e-

SO2 Bent
18 e-

NO3- Trigonal Planar

24 e-
Lewis Structure, Shape, Polarity
Molecule Lewis Structure Molecular Shape Molecular Polarity

CH4 Tetrahedral Non-Polar

8 e-

HCN Linear Polar

10 e-

SO2 Bent Polar

18 e-

NO3- Trigonal Planar N/A

24 e-