Computer Aided Analysis and Design (ME G611)

Seminar Presentation 2

BITS Pilani
Pilani | Dubai | Goa | Hyderabad
Vipul Agrawal(2018H1410129H)
 BITS Pilani
Pilani | Dubai | Goa | Hyderabad

Planar Geometric Projections and Viewing

Transformations
 INTRODUCTION
 In computer graphics one is often concerned with representing three-dimensional objects on a
two-dimensional display surface.

 This paper describes how two-dimensional projections can be generated from a three-
dimensional representation of an object, and discusses the visual advantages and disadvantages
of the various types of projections.

 This paper also illustrates how these projections can be generated with the viewing
transformations in the Core Graphics System.

 The projections treated in this paper are known as planar geometric projections. A planar
geometric projection of an object is obtained by passing lines called projectors, one through each
point of the object, and finding the image formed by the intersections of these projectors with a
plane of projection.

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  The projectors emanate from a single point called the center of projection.

 When this point is finite, a perspective projection is obtained.

 When it is at infinity, that is, when the projectors are all parallel, a parallel projection is obtained.

 This paper discusses the methods of projection not in terms of two-dimensional drawing, but in
terms of the position of the projection plane and the center of projection.

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 For a given set
of projection to
obtain a desired
view of an object

Transform the To choose new

object Projection planes

This paper uses the method of choosing projection planes.

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 Classification of Projections

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 Multiview Orthographic Projections
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 Multiview orthographic drawing shows
the exact shape of two or more faces of
an object.
 The number of views required to
adequately describe the dimensions of
an object depends on the complexity of
its shape.
 Multiview orthographic projections are
presented with the hidden lines either
entirely omitted, or indicated as dashed
lines.
 Multiview orthographic projections are
used for engineering drawings of
machines and machine parts and for
architectural working drawings of
buildings.
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  Multiview orthographic projections show, in one picture, two or more orthographic projections
onto planes parallel to the principal planes.

 These projections are arranged relative to each other in a specified manner. A way of creating a
Multiview orthographic projection is to surround the object with six projection planes which form
a rectangular box around the object, as shown in Figure below.

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 UNFOLDED 6
ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS
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 Axonometric Projections

 An axonometric projection usually

representation an object so that
three adjacent faces are visible, in
order to get a three-dimensional
representation in one view.

 These are well suited for objects

with mostly rectangular shapes.

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 AXONOMETRIC PROJECTIONS

Isometric Dimetric Trimetric

 The direction of  The direction of
 Here all three angles are
viewing is such that viewing is such that
equal all of the three axes
two of the three axes
of space appear of space appear
equally shortened unequally
foreshortened.

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 CONSTRUCTION
Isometric Projection

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 Dimetric Projections

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 Trimetric Projections

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 Oblique Projections
 Oblique projections combine properties of
orthographic projections with those of
axonometric projections.

 An oblique projection provides the exact

shape of one face of an object, and illustrates
two adjacent faces in order to give a three
dimensional representation in one view.

 Thus, an oblique projection is particularly

suited for objects with much detail or
irregular shapes on one principal face.

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 Oblique Projections

Cavalier Cabinet

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 CONSTUCTION

Foreshortening Ratio varies with angle between projectors and projection plane
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  The shape of an object determines how to choose the projection plane for an oblique
projection. In order to minimize distortion and to provide a more realistic appearance the
projection plane should be chosen so that:-
a. It is parallel to the most irregular of the principal faces or to the one which contains circular or
curved surfaces,
b. It is parallel to the longest principal face of the object.

A B
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 Perspective Projections
 A perspective projection represents
an object as it would be seen by an
observer positioned at a certain
vantage point.

 An object appears smaller as its

distance from the observer increases,
and parallel lines of an object
converge in the drawing.

 Perspective projections are not

suitable for working drawings
because it is difficult to determine the
exact shape and size of an object
from a perspective view.
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 CLASSIFICATION

 A one-point (or parallel)  The projection  A three-point perspective

perspective projection is the plane intersects projection is the type of
type of projection in which two of the principal projection where the
the projection plane coordinate axes. projection plane intersects
intersects only one of the all of the coordinate axes.
principal coordinate axes.

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 Single point perspective
 The projection plane must be parallel
to one of the principal planes.

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 2 point perspective
 A two-point perspective is
obtained by choosing the
projection plane parallel to one
of the principal axes, but not
parallel to any coordinate plane.

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 3 POINT PERSPECTIVE
 A three-point perspective is obtained by choosing the
projection plane so that it is not parallel to any
coordinate axis.

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 COMMENTS
 As for one-point perspective, the station point should be chosen at a position from which an
observer would naturally view the object. If the station point is too close to an object, unpleasant
distortion can occur, particularly at the edges of the projected object.

 To avoid such distortions it is generally recommended that the viewed object be within a 45-60 °
cone of vision.

 To create a two-point perspective, the reference point can be chosen on one vertical edge of the
object. The projection plane normal will determine the relative emphasis between the two
adjoining faces.

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 TRANSFORMATIONS

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 Single Point Perspective
 If any of the first 3 elements in the last column of 4x4 transformation matrix is
non-zero a perspective transformation results

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 Two Point Perspective

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 Three Point Perspective

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 CONCLUSION
 This paper has presented the planar geometric projections in a manner suitable for the application in
computer graphics.

 The method of projection has been defined in terms of the position of the projection plane and center of
projection.

 There is no hard and fast rule for choosing one type of projection over another. This choice must be made
according to the purpose for which the projection is to be used, according to the shape of the object, and
according to the pictorial effects that are to be achieved. This paper provides some guidelines for making
such a choice.

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 THANK YOU

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