CH 1 The Automobile

Publisher
The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Tinley Park, Illinois
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
 Parts, assemblies, and systems
 Frame, body, and chassis
 Engine
 Computer system
 Fuel system
 Electrical system
 Cooling and lubrication systems
(Continued)
 Exhaust and emission control systems
 Drive train systems
 Suspension, steering, and brake systems
 Accessory and safety systems
 Hybrid vehicles
Derived from Derived from the
the Greek word French word
autos, which mobile, which
means self. means moving.
Part
The smallest removable item on a car
Not normally disassembled
Electrical or electronic parts are often
called components
Assembly
Set of fitted parts designed to complete
a function
 the engine is an assembly that converts
fuel into usable power to move the vehicle
Technicians take assemblies apart and
put them back together during
maintenance, service, and repair
operations
System
Group of related parts and assemblies
that performs a specific job
the steering system is comprised of the
steering wheel, gears, swivel joints, and
other parts
allows the driver to turn the wheels when
maneuvering the vehicle
Major Vehicle Systems
Body
Made of steel, aluminum, fiberglass,
plastic, or composite materials
Forms the outside of the vehicle
Serves as an attractive covering for the
chassis
Chassis
Consists of the vehicle’s frame and
everything attached to it except the
body
Includes the tires, wheels, engine,
transmission, drive axle assembly, and
frame
Frame
Strong metal structure that provides a
mounting place for other parts of the
vehicle
Body-over-frame construction
 chassis parts and body bolt to the frame
Unibody (unitized) construction
 sheet metal body panels are welded
together to form the body and frame
Unibody Construction
The frame is an integral part of the body
Body-over-Frame
Construction
The body bolts to a thick steel frame

Body Types
Automobiles are available in several
body types, including:
sedan
hardtop
convertible
hatchback
station wagon
minivan
sport-utility vehicle
Sedan
Uses center body pillars, or “B” pillars,

between the front and rear doors. A
hardtop does not use “B” pillars.
Convertible
Uses a vinyl or cloth top that can be

raised and lowered
Hatchback
The large rear door allows easy access

when hauling items
Station Wagon
Provides a large rear interior compartment
Minivan
Has a higher roofline for more

headroom and cargo space
Sport-Utility Vehicle
Provides the comfort of a passenger car, the

interior space of a station wagon, and the
durability of a truck
Automobile Body Parts
Engine
Provides the energy to propelled the
vehicle and operate the other systems
Most engines burn gasoline or diesel
fuel
The fuel burns to produce heat
The heat causes gas expansion,
creating pressure
The pressure moves the internal engine
parts to produce power
 Basic Engine Terminology
To understand the principles of automotive
engines. These parts are considered the major
components of an engines.They include cylinder
block, cylinders, piostons, connecting rods and
crankshaft, cylinder head, combustion chamber,
valves, camshaft, flywheel, and carburetor.
 Cylinder block
The cylinder block is the foundation of the
engine and is the most often made cast iron
or aluminum. All other components are
attached to the cylinder block.The cylinder
block has internal passageways to let the
cooling fluid circulate around the block. It also
several holes large holes machine into the
block where the combustion occurs.
Cylinder Block
 Cylinders
The cylinders are defined as internal holes in
the cylinder block. These holes are use for
combustion. The hole tell the number of
cylinders used on an engine. Automobiles use
Four,six, or eight cylinders and 24 for heavy
equipment.
 Pistons
Piston are defines as the round object that
slides up and down in the cylinder. The piston
 are made of light material such as high quality
aluminum that can withstand high
temperatures. If fuel air and ignite to cause
expansion above the piston, this expansion will
force the piston downward. The motion convert
the energy in the fuel into mechanical energy.(
Piston moving downward)
Pistons
The piston cylinder slide up and bottom inside the cylinder
Connecting Rod and Crankshft
Attached to the bottom of the piston is the
connecting rod. Its main purpose is to attach
the piston to a device known as the
crankshaft. The crankshaft is use to change
the reciprocating motion of the piston and
connecting rod to rotary motion.Rotary
motion is used to output power to the engine.
A piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft for a four
cylinder. All parts are connected to change reciprocating
motion to rotary motion.
Cylinder head
The cylinder head is the parts that fits over the
top of the cylinder block.It usually houses the
ports and valves that allow fuel and air to enter
into the cylinder.The spark plug is also
attached to the cylinder head.It is bolted to the
cylinder block, it seals the cylinders sp that air
and fuel can be controlled in and out of the
cylinder.
Cylinder Head
Combustion Chamber
The combustion chamber is where the

combustion takes place inside the
cylinder. When the cylinder head has
been attached, the area inside the
cylinder head and block is called
combustion chamber.
Valves
Valves are placed inside the cylinder head

to allow air and fuel to enter and leave the
combustion area.These valve are opened
by using a camshaft and are closed by
using spring.There is an intake valve to
allow fuel and air to enter the cylinder.
Valves
Camshaft
The camshaft is used to open and close the
valves at the correct time. Cam lobes, or
slightly raised areas, are machined on the
cam shaft to open the valves so that the air
and fuel enter the cylinders.
Automotive Engine
Flywheel
The flywheel is located on the end of the

crankshaft.It is designed to act as a weight to
keep the crankshaft rotating once power has
been applied to the piston.
Carburator
The carburetor is placed on the engine to
mix the air and fuel in the correct proportion
Timing
Timing is defined as the process of

identifying when the air, fuel, and
ignition combine to make combustion
occurs. It is the relationship to the
position of the piston and the
crankshaft.The engine operate
efficiently, the air and fuel mixture must
enter the cylinder at the correct timing.
Engine Locations
Basic Engine Parts
Four-Stroke Cycle
Four separate piston strokes are
needed to produce one cycle:
intake stroke
compression stroke
power stroke
exhaust stroke
The piston must slide down, up, down,
and up again to complete one cycle
Intake Stroke
Draws the air-fuel mixture into the cylinder

Compression Stroke
Compresses the air-fuel mixture

Power Stroke
Produces the energy to operate the engine

Exhaust Stroke
Removes the burned gases from the

combustion chamber
Automotive Engines
 Multi-cylinder engines are used
 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10 cylinders may be used
 Additional cylinders smooth engine
operation and increase power output
because there is less time between
power strokes
Engine Components
Computer System
Uses electronic and electrical devices to
monitor and control various systems
The systems controlled include:
fuel system
ignition system
drive train system
safety system
security system
Computer System
Components
Sensors
input devices that can produce or modify
electrical signals with changes in a
condition, such as motion, temperature, or
pressure
Control module
computer that uses signals from input
devices (sensors) to control various output
devices
Computer System
Components
Actuators
output devices that can move parts when
energized by the control module
examples include electric motors and
solenoids
Computerized Door
Locks
The doors are locked as soon as the

vehicle starts moving in drive or reverse
Fuel System
Provides the correct mixture of air and
fuel for efficient combustion
Alters the air-fuel ratio with changes in
operating conditions, such as engine
temperature, speed, and load
Fuel system types:
gasoline injection system
diesel injection system
carburetor system
The heart of your vechicle of fuel injection
system is a electric pump.
Fuel pump delivered the constant volume
of fuel to an engine with high pressure so,
adequate supply supply to the injector at
all times.
Fuel pump strainer of your vechicle is a
first line it depends against fuel system
contaminations.
The strainer located located inside the
gas tank just below the pump.
The strainer should always be replace if
your installing of fuel pump.
Electric pump use in the fuel injection
system is capable of delivering fuel
pressure that exceed engineering
requirements. Because of this regulator is
use to adjust the delivering of pressure
according to engine load.
Fuel pump is service separately.
Gasoline Injection
System
Uses a control module, sensors, and
electrically operated fuel injectors to
meter fuel into the engine
An electric fuel pump forces fuel into
the engine
The control module monitors sensor
values and opens the injectors for the
correct amount of time to deliver the
desired quantity of fuel
Gasoline Injection
System
Diesel Injection
System
Forces fuel directly into the combustion
chambers
High pressure produced during
compression heats the air enough to
ignite the fuel
When fuel is injected into the cylinder,
the heated air causes the fuel to ignite
and burn
Diesel Injection
System
Carburetor Fuel
System
Uses vacuum to draw fuel into the
engine
A mechanical or electric fuel pump
delivers fuel to the carburetor
A throttle valve controls airflow and
engine power output
Carburetor Fuel
System
Electrical System
Consists of several subsystems:
ignition system
starting system
charging system
lighting system
Each subsystem is designed to perform
a specific function
Ignition System
Needed on gasoline engines to ignite
the air-fuel mixture
Produces an extremely high voltage
surge, which operates the spark plugs
An electric arc jumps across the tip of
each spark plug at the correct time,
causing the air-fuel mixture to burn
Ignition System
Starting System
An electric starting motor rotates the
engine until it “fires” and runs on its own
power
When the key is turned to the start
position, current flows from the battery
through the starting system circuit
The starting motor turns, and the
starting motor pinion gear engages a
gear on the flywheel, turning the
crankshaft
Starting System
Charging System
Replaces electrical energy drawn from
the battery by forcing electric current
back into it
When the engine is running, the
alternator produces electricity to
recharge the battery and operate other
electrical devices
The voltage regulator controls system
voltage
Charging System
Lighting System
Consists of the components that
operate a vehicle’s interior and exterior
lights
Components may include:
fuses
wires
switches
relays
control modules
Cooling System
Maintains a constant engine operating
temperature
Removes excess combustion heat to
prevent engine damage
Minimizes engine warm-up time
Coolant is pumped through the engine,
where it absorbs heat
Coolant then flows to the radiator,
where heat is released to the outside air
Cooling
System
Lubrication System
Reduces friction and wear between
internal engine parts by circulating
filtered oil to high-friction points in the
engine
Helps cool the engine by carrying heat
away from internal engine parts
Lubrication System
Exhaust System
Quiets the noise produced by engine
operation
Routes engine exhaust gases to the
rear of the vehicle body
Exhaust System
Emission Control
Systems
Reduce the amount of toxic substances
produced by an engine
prevent fuel vapors from entering the
atmosphere
remove unburned and partially burned fuel
from the engine exhaust
Drive Train Systems
Rear-wheel-drive Front-wheel-drive
Clutch
Allows the driver to engage or
disengage the engine and manual
transmission or transaxle
Clutch pedal released
clutch locks the flywheel and the
transmission input shaft together
power flows to the transmission
Clutch pedal depressed
clutch disengages power flow
Transmission
Uses various gear combinations (ratios)
to multiply engine speed and torque to
accommodate driving conditions
Low gear ratios allow the vehicle to
accelerate quickly
High gear ratios permit lower engine
speed, providing good fuel economy
Manual Transmission
Uses gears and shafts to achieve

various gear ratios
Automatic
Transmission
Does not have to be shifted by the
driver
Uses an internal hydraulic system and,
in most cases, electronic controls to
shift gears
Internal clutches or bands control
gearsets to provide various gear ratios
Input shaft is connected to the engine
crankshaft through a torque converter
Automatic
Transmission
Drive Shaft
Transfers power from the transmission
to the rear axle assembly
Universal joints allow the rear
suspension to move up and down
without damaging the drive shaft
Drive Shaft
Rear Axle Assembly
Contains a differential and two axles
Differential
set of gears and shafts that transmits
power from the drive shaft to the axles
Axles
steel shafts that connect the differential
and drive wheels
Transaxle
Used with front-wheel-drive vehicles
Both manual and automatic transaxles
are available
Transaxle
Consists of a transmission and a differential in a

single housing
Front Drive Axles
Connect the transaxle differential to the

hubs and wheels of the vehicle
Equipped with constant-velocity joints
constant-velocity joints allow the front
wheels to be turned to the left or right and
to move up and down
Suspension System
Allows the vehicle’s wheels and tires to
move up and down with little effect on
body movement
Prevents excessive body lean when
cornering quickly
Various springs, bars, swivel joints, and
arms make up the system
Steering System
Allows the driver to control vehicle
direction by turning the wheels right
or left
Uses a series of gears, swivel joints,
and rods
Suspension and
Steering Systems
Brake System
Produces friction to slow or stop the
vehicle
When the driver presses the brake
pedal, fluid pressure actuates a brake
mechanism at each wheel
Mechanisms force friction material
against metal discs or drums to slow
wheel rotation
Complete Brake
System
Wheel Brake Assembly
Accessory Systems
Common accessory systems include:
air conditioner
sound system
power seats
power windows
rear window defogger
Safety Systems
Common safety systems include:

seat belts
air bags
security systems
Safety Systems
This vehicle is equipped with front and side-

impact air bags

CH 1 The Automobile

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CH 1 The Automobile

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Format Tersedia

Publisher

The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

The frame is an integral part of the body

The body bolts to a thick steel frame

Uses center body pillars, or “B” pillars,

Uses a vinyl or cloth top that can be

The large rear door allows easy access

Provides a large rear interior compartment

Has a higher roofline for more

Provides the comfort of a passenger car, the

The piston cylinder slide up and bottom inside the cylinder

The combustion chamber is where the

Valves are placed inside the cylinder head

The flywheel is located on the end of the

Timing is defined as the process of

Draws the air-fuel mixture into the cylinder

Compresses the air-fuel mixture

Produces the energy to operate the engine

Removes the burned gases from the

The doors are locked as soon as the

Uses gears and shafts to achieve

Consists of a transmission and a differential in a

Connect the transaxle differential to the

Common safety systems include:

This vehicle is equipped with front and side-

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