Learning and Cognitive

Process
 What is Learning?

• Learning as a change in behavior

• Learning as a change in mental
association
 The evolution of learning
theories
Early Psychology
(use of nonobjective methods)

Behaviorism Early Cognitive

(focus on stimuli and Perspective
response) (focus on internal mental events)

Social Learning Theory

(focus on learning by observation)
Cognitive Psychology
(focus on information
processing and knowledge
Social Cognitive Theory construction
(interpretation of observational learning in
terms of cognitive process)
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 Basic Assumption of Cognitive
Psychology
Influence of cognitive processes
Selectivity about what is learned
Construction of meaning
Role of prior knowledge and beliefs
Active involvement in learning
Influence of cognitive processes

 People learn information more easily

when they can relate it to something they
already know
People learn several pieces of new
information more easily when they can
relate them to an overall organization
 Basic Terminology in Cognitive
Psychology
• Memory
• Storage
• Encoding
• Retrieval
 Memory
• Learners ability to save things (mentally)
that they have previously learned
 Storage
• The acquisition of new knowledge– the
process of putting what is learned into
memory in the first place
 Encoding
• Store information in different way from
how it was presented before
 Retrieval
• The process of remembering previously
store information
• Finding the information in memory
 A model of the human memory system

input st st
lo lo

Working
Sensory Long Term
(Short
Register Memory
input Term)
attention
Memory
In deptth
processing
(often involves
connecting new
input information to
prior knowledge
 Sensory Register
Sensory register is the component of
memory that holds the information you
receive (input) in more or less its original,
unencoded form.
 Working (short term) memory
• STM is the component of memory where new
information is held while it is mentally processed
• Working memory is where our thinking or cognitive
processing occurs
• Ex: when understand a textbook, solve a problem etc
• 2 characteristic: a short duration & limited capacity
 Long Term Memory
• LTM is the final component of the human
memory system
• 3 characteristics: long duration, unlimited
capacity, interconnectedness