Centrifugal

Pumps:
Single pump
A presentation by:
Dania Ahmar RP17-CE29
Nimra Saleem RP17-CE01
Khadija Naveed RP17-CE02
Maliha Ahmed SSP17-PG08
Objective:
• The main objective of this experiment is to study and report the characteristics curves of
centrifugal pumps using Single pump.

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Working Principle:
It works on the principle of forced vortex flow. The forced
vortex flow means when a certain mass of fluid or liquid is
allowed to rotate by an external torque than there is a rise
in pressure head of the rotating liquid takes place. This rise in
pressure head is used to deliver water from one location to
another. It is centrifugal force acting on the fluid that makes it

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to flow within the casing.
The rise in the pressure head of the rotating liquid at any
point is directly proportional to the square of the tangential
velocity of the rotating liquid.
Mathematically

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Theory:
Types of Pumps:
There are two main families of pumps.
1. Centrifugal Pump
2. Positive Displacement Pump

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Centrifugal Pump: is a hydraulic machine which converts mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy(pressure energy) by the action of centrifugal force acting on the fluid.
The liquid flow occurs in radial outward direction which is reverse of radial reaction turbine
inward flow.
90% of pumps used in few chemical plants are centrifugal pumps. The reasons behind this are:
• Higher flow rate
• Steady Discharge
• Viscosity sensitive
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Positive Displacement Pump: A Positive Displacement Pump has an enlarged
cavity on the suction side and a reducing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into
the pumps as the cavity on the suction side enlarges and the liquid flows out of the
discharge as the cavity disintegrate.

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It is used because:
• It is almost independent of back pressure
• It is able to handle high viscosity fluids
• It often produce a pulsed flow
How liquid is lifted to high level?
• At the outlet of the impeller, radius is more and because of this the rise in the pressure
head is more and the liquid at the outlet discharged with a high pressure head. And because
of this high pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a very high level.

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Working:
• As the electric motor starts rotating, it also rotates the impeller. The rotation of the
impeller creates suction at the suction pipe. Due to suction created the water from the
sump starts coming to the casing through the eye of the impeller.
• From the eye of the impeller, due to the centrifugal force acting on the water, the water

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starts moving radially outward and towards the outer of casing.
• Since the impeller is rotating at high velocity it also rotates the water around it in the casing.
The area of the casing increasing gradually in the direction of rotation, so the velocity of the
water keeps on decreasing and the pressure increases, at the outlet of the pump, the
pressure is maximum.
• Now form the outlet of the pump, the water goes to its desired location through delivery
pipe.

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Main Parts
1. Impeller
It is the rotating part of the pump. The impeller is mounted on a shaft and the shaft of impeller is again
connected with the shaft of an electric motor. It is rotated by the motor and consists of series of backward
curved blades.

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2. Casing
It is an air tight passage which surrounds the impeller. The design of the casing is done in such a way that it is
capable of converting the kinetic energy of the water discharging from the outlet of the impeller into pressure
energy before it leaves the casing and enters into the delivery pipe.
3. Suction Pipe with Foot Valve and Strainer
A pipe whose one end is connected with the inlet of the impeller and the other end is dipped into the sump
of water is called suction pipe. The strainer is used to filter the unwanted particle present in the water to
prevent the centrifugal pump from blockage.
4. Delivery Pipe
It is a pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other end is connected to the required
height where water is to be delivered.
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Complications Of Centrifugal Pumps: Net Positive Suction Head:
• Cavitation. It occurs when suction pressure • The minimum pressure required at the
of pump is less than vapor pressure P< Pv suction port of the pump to keep the pump
• or the net positive suction head (NPSH)of from cavitating. It is basically difference
system is too low for selected pump. between suction pressure and vapor
pressure.
• Wear of the impeller
NSPH=Ps-Pvap
• Corrosion inside the pump

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• Overheating due to low flow
• Leakage along rotating shaft
• Surge

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Applications of centrifugal pump:
Centrifugal pumps are usually used for the pumping of
• Water
• Agriculture

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• Sewage
• Petroleum
• Petrochemical
• Other uses:
• Centrifugal pumps can be used to pump fluids with high viscosity.
• Efficiency of centrifugal pump is greater than reciprocating pump.
• A centrifugal fan is used to implement vacuum cleaner.

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Procedure
• For single operation the pump is switched on
• First, the suction valve is varied from close to open and delivery valve remains unchanged
• Take atleast 5 readings and for each reading record suction and discharge pressure.

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• Also note the height of water in the tank for interval of time.
• Same procedure is repeated by changing the discharge valve and suction valve unchanged.

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Observations and Calculations
• Room temperature = 18⁰C
• Acceleration due to gravity=9.8m/𝑠 2
• Length of tank=L=74cm

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• Width of tank=W=43cm’
• X-sectional area=L× 𝑊

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(a)Suction Changed
Suction Discharge Total pressure Total head “h” Volumetric
pressure pressure ΔP “H” Height of w flow ratio “Q”
Ps Pd Pd-Ps (bar) (cm) (cm) (𝑐𝑚3 /s)
(bar) (bar)

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-0.32 0.05 0.37 3.7×10−5 100 30800

-0.35 0.05 0.40 4.0×10−5 94 28952

-0.40 0.05 0.45 4.5×10−5 64 19712

-0.45 0.05 0.50 5.0×10−5 40 12320

-0.50 0.05 0.55 5.5×10−5 28 8624

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 When suction Constant
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Head(cm)

0
23400 22176 20944 18000 16400
volumetric flow rate(cm3/s)

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(b)Discharge changed
Suction Discharge Total pressure Total head “h” height of Volumetric
pressure pressure ΔP “H” w flow ratio “Q”

Ps (bar) Pd (bar) Pd-Ps (bar) (cm) (cm) (𝑐𝑚3 /s)

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-0.32 0.10 0.42 4.2×10−5 80 24640

-0.32 0.15 0.47 4.7×10−5 72 22176

-0.32 0.20 0.52 5.2×10−5 68 20944

-0.32 0.25 0.57 5.7×10−5 66 20328

-0.32 0.30 0.62 6.2×10−5 60 18480

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 When discharge Constant
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Head(cm)

0
30800 28592 19712 8480 8324
Volumetric flow rate(cm3/s)

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Units and conversions
• Volumetric Flow Rate:
• 1 m 3 /sec = 10 6 cm 3 /sec = 1000L/sec = 15850.323 gal/min = 6.29 bbl/min
• Pressure Head:

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• 1m = 100cm = 3.28 ft = 39.36 in.
References:
• Wikipedia
• McCaib Smith
• https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2017/07/centrifugal-pump.html

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Thank
You