SAMPLE
TARGET POPULATION
SAMPLING BREAKDOWN
Why Sample?
Lower cost
More accuracy of results
High speed of data collection
Availability of Population elements.
Less field time
When it‟simpossible to study the whole population
SAMPLING……
To whom do you want to generalize your results?
All Five Star Hotel
All Travel Agency
All Hotel Customer
Women aged 15-45 years
Other
Sample size : Minimum size is 30 no.
SAMPLING…….
Merits of Sampling
Size of population
Fund required for the study
Facilities
Time
TYPES OF SAMPLE BASED ON TWO FACTORS:
Non-
Probability
Probability
Probability (Random) Samples
Simple random sample
Systematic random sample
Stratified random sample Probability
Sampling
Cluster sample
Proportionate
Dis Proportionate
Disadvantages
If sampling frame large, this method impracticable.
First unit
Select select by
Work out according to random
Define Develop Decide the what fraction fraction (100 numbers
sampling of the frame sample from then every
population frame sample size the sample 1,000 frame then nth unit
size represents 10% so every selected
10th unit) (e.g. every
Sunil Kumar
10th)
Systematic Sampling
ADVANTAGES:
Sample easy to select
Cost effective
DISADVANTAGES:
Sample may be biased if hidden periodicity in population
Disadvantage:
Classification error
Section 3
Section 5
Section 4
CLUSTER SAMPLING…….
Advantages :
Cuts down on the cost of preparing a sampling
frame. This can reduce travel and other
administrative costs.
Disadvantages: sampling error is higher for a simple
random sample of same size. Often used to
evaluate vaccination coverage in EPI
Cluster/ multi-stage random sample
•Cluster sampling: selecting a sample based on specific, naturally occurring
groups (clusters) within a population.
- Example: randomly selecting 20 hospitals from a list of all
hospitals in England.
target population
Total Error
Random Non-sampling
Sampling Error Error
Response Non-response
Error Error