2.

6 De Broglie Equation

BEAUTIFUL EQUATION

de Broglie's equation for the wavelength and

frequency of the wave of the mailer is simple.
Photons are the relativistic particles of the
stationary mass mo = 0. Therefore the
momentum p of the photon is related to the total
energy E through the speed of light c a
 
𝐸
𝑝=
𝑐

to introduce v frequency photons, we use

einstein's equation for photon energy.

𝐸 = ℎ𝑣
 
To write Equation (2.10) as
ℎ𝑣
𝑝=
𝑐

For waves in free space, the wavelength is 𝜆 = 𝑐 / 𝑣

so eq (2.12) becomes
ℎ
𝑝=
𝜆

in contrast to photons, material particles such as

electrons have a non-zero mo silent mass
𝐸 2 = 𝑝2 𝑐 2 + 𝑚𝑜2 𝑐 4
 
In particle velocity it is non-relativistic (v << c), then kinetic energy is
only

𝑝2
𝑇=
2𝑚𝑜

Notice that the de Broglie equation A = h / p implies an inverse

relationship between the total energy E of a rticle and its wavelength,

ℎ𝑐/𝐸
𝜆=
2
𝑚𝑜 𝑐 2
1− 𝐸
 2.7 controversial concepts of
complementarity

The complementary principle proposed by Bohr regarding the
incorporation of wave models and particles requires two related
ideas

1. A complete explanation of the observable properties of

microscopic particles requires concepts and mutually exclusive
properties
2. The mutually exclusive aspects of quanta are not measured or
observed in the same observation.
 
Can something observed behave like waves and particles in the same
measurement? “

Bohr's answer is there: in certain observations, quantum particles

show both wave-like behavior (if we observe their propagation) or
behavior like particles (if we observe their interactions with matter).
 
Complementarity can be observed

one that connects it with the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

which implies a special relationship between position and
momentum, this uncertainty in observing is related to if we obtain
information (through measurement)

Prinsip Komplementaritas

uantum physics with all its abstract formulas (which Einstein called
black magic calculus) can precisely predict all experimental results.
predicting something (quantitatively) is not necessarily the same as
explaining it (qualitatively).
 2.8 Stage Of Classic Physics To Quantum
Physics

STAGE OF CLASSIC PHYSICS TO QUANTUM PHYSICS

1. rom the explanation in this chapter, it is known that in the

world of microscopic wave models and particle models is a
truth, but it is still incomplete. In some cases, wave models and
particle models must be involved to understand observations.
2. Here are mentioned electrons not particles and not waves. Both
are something else that in the classic model we don't have
names for them
3. But based on what Broglie said that the two models above are
"Energy Fragments", they will sound strange. Or we see
Eddington's statement, which says that they are "wavicles", but
it will sound funny.
4. So we assume that electrons are particles in our discussion
5. But we must not ignore the influence of the language we use
when we think. In the microscopic world, nature gives us a
language that is more complicated than our everyday language.
 Problem example
1. One of the advantages of studying black matter radiation is


Stefan-Boltzmann's law. This law is an equation for radiation from
the surface of a black object. It can be seen that the radiation power
P per unit surface area at a temperature is
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴𝑇 4
Where T is the temperature with the Kelvin degrees of black body
radiation and 𝜎 is Stefan-Boltzmann's constant.
10−8 𝑊
𝜎 = 5,67𝑥 2 4
𝑚 𝐾
In astrophysics, above the atmosphere of a star it is sometimes
considered radiation of black matter. Using the Stefan Boltzmann
model and law. Look for temperatures in the sun.
Hint: For solar radiation that reaches the Earth's atmosphere it is
103 𝐽
worth 1,4 𝑥 2 . The diameter of the sun is approximately
𝑚 𝑠
9
1,4𝑥10 𝑚, and the average radius of the Earth's orbit is 1,5x1011 m.
 Discussion

𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴𝑇 4
103 𝐽 10−8 𝑊
1,4 𝑥 2 = 5,67𝑥 2 4 . 𝜋 0,7𝑥109 𝑚 2 𝑇 4
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝐾
103 𝐽 10−8 𝑊
1,4 𝑥 2 = 5,67𝑥 2 4 . 𝜋 49 𝑥 1016 𝑇 4
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝐾
103 𝐽
1,4 𝑥 2
𝑚 𝑠 = 𝑇4
−8
10 𝑊
5,67𝑥 2 4 . 𝜋 49 𝑥 1016
𝑚 𝐾
0,01𝜋 𝐾 = 𝑇
THANK YOU
