Antiseptics and disinfectants

Natthasit Tansakul
Vet.Pharm.KU.
 Learning strategies and
objectives
• Sit in lecture-class > 80%
• Prepare hand out (Word document and PPT)
• Allow you asking both in/off class
• Discussion and interactive verbal are
permitted
• Evaluation  Examination (……%; Fill in
blank, Multiple choices)
 Antiseptics and disinfectants
• Sterilization
- Destroy microbials /may including spores
- Boiling, Oven, Autoclave
• Disinfectant:
– Antiseptic: Topical (mucous, tissues),
Spores?
– Disinfectant: Using on floor, instruments
 Action depending
• Chemical properties
• Concentration
• Duration
• Sensitivity of microbials
• Kind of microbials: Bacteria (+/-),Viral
• Environment: pH, Temp, matter
 Ideal disinfectants
• Destroy all kind of microbial
• Rapidly action
• Long duration of action
• High stability
• Less or no toxic and adverse effect
• Cheap and easy to use
Disinfectants (Chemical properties)
• Alcohol • Surface active agents
• Aldehyde • Acids
• Halogens • Nitrofurazone
• Heavy metal • Ethylene oxide
• Oxidizing agents • Miscellaneous
• Phenol
 Disinfectant (Mode of action)
• Denature protein and lipid:
– QACs
– Acids/ Basic
– Alcohols
– Phenolics
– Biguanides
• Release chemical bond: Aldehydes,Enzymes
• Increase positive ion (Oxidant): Halogens,
H2O2, Ozone
 Antiseptic agents
• Alcohols
• Chlorhexidine
• Oxidizing agents
: Iodine, Iodophors
: Peroxides
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Potassium permanganate
• Heavy Metals
:Mercuric bichloride
• Phenols and Related Compounds
• Surface–active compounds
: Soaps
 Disinfectant agents
• Oxidizing agents
:Chlorine
• Reducing agents
:Aldehydes
• Surface-active compounds
:QACs
• Vapor-phase Disinfectants
 Alcohol
• Most used: Ethyl (Ethanol) and
Isopropyl alcohol
• Lipid soluble  lipoprotein cell
membrane  denature cell
membrane  precipitate protein
• Maximal effect: conc. 70% ethyl and
50% isopropyl alcohol
• Excellent effects: Vegetative both Gr+ and
- (Including TB)
• Moderate effects: Lipophilic viruses (herpes
simplex, HIV) and Fungi
• Non-effect: Bacterial spores, Hydrophilic
viruses
• Organic matter (action)

»I Isopropyl alcohol 70 %
• Most ethanol used at 60-95%,
particular 70% w/v is best action
• Not recommend for high level
disinfectant
-blood protein denature and
adhere to instrument
-prolong use: damage lenses,
rubber, plastic instruments
• Rapid evaporation
• Limit contact time
• The largest reduction in bacterial
count (1-3 min, kill 80% of bact.)
• The safest antiseptic
• Adverse effects:
– drying skin
– Not for fresh or open wound (irritate)
– local irritation
– damaging corneal tissue
 Biguanides
• Chlorhexidine
– Chlorhexidine gluconate
– Bactericidal action
– Rapidly action
– Disrupt the cell membrane and precipita
te cell content
– Better against vegetative bacteria gram
+ than gram –
– Less effective for fungi
– Non effect viruses
– No action on spores
– Chx formulation 4% conc. (most effectiv
e)
– The longest residual activity(5-6 hrs.)
– Retained action in organic matter
 Oxidizing agents
• Bactericidal, short action
• Releasing gas O2: Hydrogen peroxide
• Non releasing gas: Potassium
permanganate
• Iodine Oxidizing Antiseptic Halogen
releasing agents Chlorine (Disinfectant)
 Iodine
• Less reactive than chlorine
• Rapidly bactericidal(Gr+/-)
• Fungicidal, tuberculocidal, virucidal and
sporicidal (Lipophillic)
• Interfere metabolic reaction, disrupt protei
n and nucleic acid structure & synthesis
• 1-2% iodine solution in 70% ethyl alc. (Tin
cture of iodine) 90%
• Aqueous iodine solution 5% (Logol’s
solution) e.g. pyometra
• Churchill’s iodine (6.5% Alc.)
• Irritating & allergenic skin, corrssive, delay
healing
• Active greater than alcohol
• Indication: antiseptic and disinfectant
• Tip: Iodine 1-2% added to Alc for
thermometer disinfectant can increase
activity against spores and viruses.
 Iodophor
• Complexed with a solubilizing agent (surfac
tant or povidone)
• “iodine carriers” or “iodine-releasing
agents”Carrier; Detergents, wetting
agents  Water soluble
• Increase free iodine releasing
• Act similar to tincture of iodine
• Tissue permeability, enhancing efficacy
• Bactericidal ,verudical , mycobactericidal
agent ; act as rapidly as Chx
• Prolong contact time: kill fungi , bact. spor
es
• Prolong action (4-6 hrs.)
• Retained action in organic matter
• 10 % iodine : maximal killing effect
• 1% minimal toxic
• Less irritating, allergic, corrosive
• Excellent antiseptic and disinfectant
• Indication: skin cleanser, surgical scrub
 Hydrogen peroxide
• 3-90 % H2O2 in water (Most use 3%)
• Short acting agent but rapidly action
• Bactericidal agent (Gr+/-)
• Lipophillic virus (related catalase and pero
xidase enzymes)
• Act as an oxidant by producing hydroxyl fr
ee radicals(*OH) attack essential cell co
mponents (lipids, proteins, and DNA)
• Act on superficial tissue
• Less toxic but damage tissue
• Indication:
– cleaning contaminated wound
– deodorizing, not routine cleaning
• Used in the disinfection of soft contact lens
es
 Potassium permanganate
• Antiseptic and disinfectant agents
• Broad antimicrobial agents
• Non releasing gas
• Turn brown colourInactivated
• Intense purple color in solution: stains tissu
es and clothing brown
• Used for wound and prepare foods
• Effective algicide (0.01%) and virucide
(1%)
• Conc.>1:5,000 (irritate tissues)
• Conc 1: 10,000  Bactericidal
 Heavy metal
• Mercuric chloride : merbromin, thimerosal,
nitromersol, phenylmercuric nitrate
• Mercurochrome…..?
• Act as Bacteriostatic
• Inhibit sulfhydryl enzyme of bacterial cells
• Inhibit metabolism and precipitate protein
• Inhibit enzyme action of bacteria and
tissues
 Thimerosal
• Sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate
• Mercuric 49% w/v
• Inhibit metabolism and precipitate protein
• Merthiolate ™
• Used on fresh wound, not on burn or
chronic wound
• Used in preservative vaccine, tattoo ink,
skin test agent ect.
Phenol and related compounds
• The oldest antiseptic compounds
• Cytoplasmic poisonspenetrating, disrupt
ion cell walls
• Bacteriostatic (conc.0.1-1%)
• Bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal (conc.1-2
%)
• Conc 5 % : Kill anthrax spores 48 hr (stron
gly irritating, corrosively tissues)
• Oral :CNS effects
• Ingestion :Cardiovascular effects
• Main usage : disinfection of equipment
• Cresol (cresylic acid):
– Bactericidal agent
– less toxic
– Commonly used disinfectant (inanimate objec
ts)
– Sporicidal  Anthrax’s spore
– 2 % Cresol (Lysol)
• Chloroxylenols:
– Broad-spectrum bactericidal agent
– activity against gram + > -
– PCMX and DCMX
• Hexachlorophene
– Xylenol with composition of Cl-
– Strong bacteriostatic action
– Most effect on Gr+ > -
– Less effect on viruses or spores
– Used in medicated soap(conc. 3%), surgical
scrub
– May be cause Neurotoxic
• Parachlorometaxylenol (Dettol®)
– Aromatic chemical compound in chemistry kno
wn as chloroxylenol
– Low toxicity, Low metal corrosivity,
– Effective against : Bacteria, Fungi, yeast (3.3
%w/v)
– More effective Gr+ than Gr-
– Less effect on viruses, fungi and spores
– Slow onset action
– Mode of action  Disrupt the bacterial cells m
embrane and enzyme inactivation
• Tricosan
– Bactericidal effect  Gr +
– Effect : Gr- and yeasts
 When combined with EDTA increased permea
bility of the outer membrane
– Inhibit uptake of essential nutrients on the cyt
oplasmic membrane
 Surface–active compounds
• Soups
• Anionic surface-active agents
• Sodium, Potassium salts of fatty acid
• Most soaps dissolve in water (pH 7.0-10.0)
• Remove dirt from skin surfaces (surface s
ecretion, desquamated epithelium, bacteri
a)
 Disinfectant agents
Oxidizing agent:
Chlorine
* Gas form is toxic Chemical water soluble
forms hypochlorus (HOCl), oganic chloride
*Action  inhibition of cellular enzymatic
reaction, protein deneturation, inactivation of
nucleic acids
*(HS) Bactericidal, (MS) Fungicidal
(S) Virucidal, Protozoacidal, Sporcidal
• Recommend doses;1-100 ppm (mg/l)
• Disadvantages :Corrosively
metal, destroy fabric, strongly odor
• Quickly react with organic matter
inactivated
• Sanitize dairy equipment, hospital floors,
animal, housing quarters
 Sodium hypochlorite
• Sodium hypochlorite = NaOCl
• Action as chorline
• Lipid envelope viruses e.g. Avain flu
• Most known as hard-surface disinfection
(household bleach)
• Haiter
 Reducing agents: Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
• Liquid form > Gas form
• Slowly action; need contact time 6-12 hrs.
• Act by protein precipitation via Alkylation
with alkylating amino and sulhydryl group of
protein
• Bactericidal both Gr+ and – and TB
• Virucidal ( e.g FMD)
• Modulate for Fungicidal and Sporicidal
agents.
• Formaldehyde 37% on market
• Non-corrosively metals, paint, fabric
• Combine with Alc :chemical sterilant
for surgical instrument
• Low conc.(1ppm) are irritating soft
tissues (eye, nose), pungent odor
• Light sensitive (keep in dark)
• Carcinogenic agent
Glutaraldehyde
• Act as formaldehyde
• More efficacy than formaldehyde
• Bactericidal(2min), Virucidal, Sporicidal(3
hr),Fungicidal(10 min) action
• Less adverse effect
• Non corrossive  Instruments
• Stable in acid
• Recommended conc. : 2% w/v
• “Cidex” (Glutaraldehyde 2% in 70%
Isopropanol)
• Shelf life 28-30 day
 Surface-active compounds
QACs (Quaternary Ammonium
Compounds; cationic detergent)
: benzalkonium chloride
• Bacteriostatic or cidal action (Conc?)
• Good efficacy in basic condition
• Denature protein
• Active bact. Gr+ than Gr-
• Inactivated in organic debris, hard water,
anionic soap.
• Fungistatic,
• Inactivate viruses (exp. Newer generation)
• Inactivate spores
• Sanitation of non-critical surfaces
 Vapor-phase Disinfectants
Ethylene and propylene oxides
• Bactericidal,Virucidal, Fungicidal,
Sporicidal agents
• Sterilizing animal feed, human food,
surgical equipment
• Non-corrosive, flammability
• Ethylene oxide > Propylene oxide
 Antiseptic usage in Vet. Med.
• Skin cleanser :Presurgical antisepsis
*Surgeon
-water and soap cleansing
-chlohexidine or iodophor hand scrub

*Patient
-clip hair and removal gross contamination
-gentle antiseptic scrub
-antiseptic spay
• Treatment of open wound
-surgical closure bandaging
-application of topical agent( saline,
antiseptic, local anesthetic
Basic principle
-don’t harm
-shouldn’t impede healing process
• Teat antisepsis
Rat Haus (City hall)
Hannover, Germany