PROCESS INDUSTRIES –I
Lecture-1
1. Fundamentals of Chemical Manufacture
Feed/input
System
product/output
1.2 Flowchart
• It is a type of diagram that represents as process or an
algorithm, showing the steps as boxes or various kinds,
and their order by connecting them with arrows.
● Non-metallic
● Combustible ( organic)
Cont.
• Ore mineral raw materials: Are used for producing
energy.
→ Chemical Energy: is the energy which helps to "glue" atoms together in those
Like: Natural gas, or propane, or oil --When we burn these fuels-- Release or Lost
→ Heat Energy --- Separate some of the atoms from each other and liberating the
chemically-bound energy that held them together. And this Chemical energy is
√ "Sensible" Energy or sensible heat, is energy that “knock” molecules and atoms
in substances such as water. The more movement, the hotter the substance
becomes. Sensible energy gets its name from the fact that we can sense it, by touching
the substance directly or indirectly with a thermometer of some type.
√ "Latent" Energy or latent heat, is the energy that is needed to make a substance
such as water (a liquid) change to a different form (or phase) of the same
● Heat will always naturally flow from a higher temperature to a lower temperature.
Mechanical Energy
are designed to transport a fluid from one location to another at a specified flow rate,
velocity, and elevation difference, and the system may generate mechanical work in
a turbine or it may consume mechanical work in a pump or fan during this process
Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is a very useful form of energy because it can perform many
● Solar ● Geothermal
● Wind ● Biomass
● Water
SOLAR
Energy from
Earth’s heat.
Why is energy
from the heat of
the Earth
renewable?
Energy from
WIND
the wind.
Why is energy
from the wind
renewable?
BIOMASS
Energy from
burning organic
or living matter.
Why is energy
from biomass
renewable?
WATER or HYDROELECTRIC
Energy from the
flow of water.
Why is energy of
flowing water
renewable?
SUMMARY
• A fossil-fuelled power
• station can be built
• almost anywhere
Disadvantages of Using Fossil Fuels
• Basically, the main drawback of fossil fuels is
pollution.