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HYDROLOGICAL

CYCLE
GEOGRAPHY BLOCK 3 (2019)
◦What is hydrology?
◦What is hydrological cycle?
◦Components in Hydrological cycle
◦Water movement in Hydrological cycle
◦Hydrological cycle as a system
◦Input, output & process in a hydrological
cycle.
What is hydrology?

Hydrology
Hydro logy
Water
The study of
water Study
Hydrological cycle
◦ Hydrological cycle is the way that water moves from the sea,
through the air, onto (and into) the land and back into the sea.
◦ It is driven by the sun’ heat and by gravity. (water cycle)
◦ At any time, the earth’s water is distributed as follows:
◦ 97% is in the sea
◦ 2.1% frozen as snow and ice
◦ 0.8% freshwater in lakes, rivers and the ground.
◦ 0.1% is in the atmosphere.
Why is the hydrological cycle
importance?
◦ Recycle water and nutrients thus bring freshwater to people, animals and plants
around the world.
◦ It begins with the ocean, lakes, ponds and other bodies of water on earth.
Condensation -the process by which
Precipitation - water in any water vapor/gas in the air is changed
form which falls from the into liquid water/water droplet forming
atmosphere to the surface of cloud.
the earth.
It includes rainfall, snow,
sleet and hail.
2 Condensation

Overland flow:
A thin layer of water forms
on the surface and it begins Precipitation Throughflow is the water which
3 moves downslope through the
to move downslope
under gravity. subsoil.
Evaporation – the
process by which water
1 Evaporation transformed into water
6 vapour/gas.
Infiltration:
is the passage of water
4
into a soil, where water
5 Infiltration Baseflow:
is drawn into the soil
by gravity and capillary Ground water can be transferred
attraction, ocean slowly through rock as groundwater
Water-table flow or base flow.

8 Baseflow
Percolation: 7 Percolation
the downward vertical
movement of water within
a soil
Water movement in
a hydrological cycle:
1. Water evaporates from these water bodies, and as the evaporated water lifts into the
atmosphere, it cools rapidly and condenses to form clouds. These clouds act as
storage compartments for water in the atmosphere.
2. As they filled with water, precipitation occurs. Clouds travel all around the world by
wind currents and can bring precipitation or rainfall to every part of the world.
3. Once the water reaches the ground in the form of rain, snow, sleet or ice, some of the
water may evaporate back into the air to form clouds, while other parts of the water
may penetrate into the soil by a process known as infiltration and deep into the
ground via percolation and store as groundwater.
4. The groundwater can either return to the atmosphere and form clouds via
evaporation, or it can flow into the oceans, river, streams and other water bodies. The
cycle begins again with water evaporating from earth’s bodies or water.
Hydrological cycle as a system
◦ Any system must have inputs, outputs, stores and throughputs (in hydrology it is known
as tranfers or flows).

STORES STORES
e.g. ocean e.g. river OUTPUTS
INPUTS
STORES STORES
e.g. watervapour,
e.g. Precipitation e.g. cloud/ e.g. soil Evaporation.
atmosphere
INPUTS, OUTPUTS, FLOWS & STORES
INPUTS

OUTPUTS

STORES

FLOWS
INPUTS, OUTPUTS, FLOWS & STORES
INPUTS Water that enters into the system.

OUTPUTS Water that leaves the system

STORES Natural reservoirs of water in the environment e.g.

FLOWS The paths water flows into the land i.e. flow through the
soil and flows into the rivers.
Complete this table:
INPUTS FLOWS STORES OUTPUTS

Evapotranspiration infiltration Soil Stem flow


Vegetation Baseflow Drip (throughfall) Groundwater

Overland flow Bedrock Puddles Throughflow

Rainfall Percolation
Complete this table:
INPUTS FLOWS STORES OUTPUTS

Evapotranspiration infiltration Soil Stem flow


Vegetation Baseflow Drip (throughfall) Groundwater

Overland flow Bedrock Puddles Throughflow

Rainfall Percolation
Opened and closed systems:
◦ Is a hydrological cycle an opened or closed system?
What is an opened system?
There is exchange both energy and
mass with the surroundings. (allows in
and out transfer of energy and mass)

Closed systems: transfer of energy


only. (go round and round)

Water leaving out of the Water moves from


System, such as moisture Atmosphere to oceans and
Removed by ET & run-off back to atmosphere.
into the sea.

Drainage Basin Hydrological cycle


Opened and closed systems:
◦ Is a hydrological cycle an opened or closed system?
It is a closed system. Water moves from the atmosphere to ocean
and back to the atmosphere and since nothing goes in and out
(not leaving the system) continuous movement.

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