GUIDED BY PRESENTED BY
DR.NISHANT .R. CHOURASIA DR.MANIMALA PRIYA
PROFESSOR & HOD OF OMFS BABY
YEAR(2018-2021)
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
THE NEURON
• DEFINITION
• CLASSIFICATION
• STRUCTURE OF SENSORY NEURON
PHYSIOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL NEVES
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE CONDUCTION
• ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF NERVE CONDUCTION
• RESTING PIOTENTIAL
• MEMBRANE EXCITATION
IMPULSE PROPOGATION
IMPULSE SPREAD
PAIN
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
THE NEURON
1.Acetylcholine theory
2.Calciun displacement theory
3.Surface charged theory
4.Membrane expansion theory
5.Specific receptor theory
PROPOSED MECHANISM
Displacement of calcium ions from sodium channel
receptor site
UNMYELINATED NERVES
•An unmyelinated nerve fiber is basically a long cylinder
with a high electrical resistance cell membrane
sorrounding a low resistance conducting core of axoplasm.
•The spread of an impulse in an unmyelinated nerve fiber
is therefore characterised as a relatively slow forward
creeping process.
MYELINATED NERVES
•Impulse spread within myelinated nerves differs
from unmyelinated nerves because of the the
layer of insulating material separating the
intracellular and extracellular charges.
•Impulse conduction in myelinated nerves
occurs by means of current leaps from node to
node ,a process termed as saltatory conduction.
•This form of impulse conduction proves to be
much faster and more energy efficient .
PAIN
SPECIFICITY THEORY
• Classical description was provided by Descartaes in
1644,when he conceived pain system as a straight through
channel from skin to the brain.
Tissue injury
Release of prostaglandins,bradykinins
and leukotreins from the injured tissue
•1.NEURAPRAXIA:
•This condition is almost equivalent to concussion,in
which there is no porganic damage to either nerve fire
or it’s sheath,but there is temporary physiological
paralysis of conduction through the intact nerve fibres.
•Neurapraxia is produced by stretching or torsion or
vibratory effect of a high velocity missile passing near a
nerve.
•There may be sensory loss or weakness of muscle
groups.
•During this time there is no degeneration of muscles.
•Recovery is complete ,which may take aperiod of
hours to even few weeks.
2.AXONOTMESIS
•In this condition there is rupture of nerve fibres or
axons within intact sheaths.
•Wallerian degeneration occurs in distal part of the
broken axons leaving nerve sheaths empty.
•Recovery takes place slowly by downgrowth of axons
into the empty distal nerve sheaths .
•There may be loss of nerve fibres owing to the blockage
of downgrowing axons by intraneural fibrosis.
3.NEUROTMESIS
•This condition is defined as an injury in which the
nerve is completely divided.
•This results in complete paralysis,the resultant
atrophy of muscl;es innervated by the nerve,and total
anaesthesia of nerve’s cutaneous disribution
•Spontaneous recovery does not occur after
neurotmesis.
•Complete recovery is not possible because of
degenerative changes that affect the target muscles
and end organs and because of disordered axonal
regrowth at the site of anastomosis.
REFERENCES