Jyothy Institute of Technology

Department of Electronics and communication Engg

DEVELOPMENT OF CONVOLUTIONAL
NEURAL NETWORK ALGORITHM
FOR DETECTION OF GLAUCOMA

Submitted by -
Under the Guidance of -
Nivedita S Desai 1JT15EC014 Mr. Nagesh Kumar D N
Rajini K 1JT15EC021 Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
Jyothy Institute of Technology
 Mission & Vision
Vision of the Institution:

To be an Institute of Excellence in Engineering

education, Innovation and Research and work
towards evolving great leaders for the country’s future
and meeting global needs.

Mission of the Institution:

The Institution aims at providing a vibrant, intellectually

and emotionally rich teaching learning environment
with the State of the Art Infrastructure and recognizing
and nurturing the potential of each individual to
evolve into one's own
18-05-2019 self
Dept of ECE, and contribute to the2
JIT, Bengaluru
welfare of all.
 Mission & Vision
Vision of the department:
To be a Department of excellence at a global level in Electronics and
Communication Engineering education, incorporating Research &
Innovation and Leadership training components.

Mission of the department:

The Department will
M1: Strive to provide state of Art infrastructure in classrooms and
laboratories
M2: Enable all-round development with individual attention and
innovative teaching learning methodology
M3: Impart leadership qualities into the students by exposing
them to industry and research in global Electronics and Communication
Engineering domain.

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 Program Educational
Objectives (PEOs)
PEO1. (Domain Knowledge) Graduates of Electronics &
Communication Engineering will be able to utilize mathematics,
science, engineering fundamentals, theoretical as well as laboratory
based experiences to identify, formulate & solve engineering
problems and succeed in advanced engineering or other fields.
PEO2. (Professional Employment) Graduates of Electronics &
Communication Engineering will succeed in entry-level engineering
positions in VLSI, Communication and Fabrication industries in
regional, national, or global industries.
PEO3. (Engineering Citizenship) Graduates of Electronics &
Communication Engineering will be prepared to communicate and
work effectively on individual & team based engineering projects
while practicing the ethics of their profession consistent with a sense
of social responsibility.
PEO4. (Lifelong Learning) Graduates of Electronics &
Communication Engineering will be equipped to recognize the
importance of, and have the skills for, continuous learning to
become experts in their domain and enhance their professional
attributes.
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 Program Specific Outcomes
(PSO)
• PSO1 (Knowledge/ Skills): Explore emerging technologies in the field
of Electronics & Communication Engineering using the knowledge
and skills gained.

• PSO2 (Application/Analysis /Problem solving): Apply techniques in

different domains to create innovative products and services in the
Communication, VLSI, DSP, and Networking.

• PSO3 (Value/ Attribute) : Work on various platforms as an individual/

team member to develop useful and safe Circuits, PCB, Power
Management Systems and Automation for the society and nation.

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 Overview

• Introduction
• Objectives and Scope of the project
• Motivation
• Literature review
• Methodology
• AlexNet algorithm and model
• Transfer learning and Flow chart
• Issues faced and rectification
• Work to be done
• Expected outcome
• References

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 Introduction

WHAT IS GLAUCOMA ?
• Irreversible eye disorder .

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 HOW IS IT CAUSED?
• Due to intraocular pressure
• Aqueous humour gets filled in the gap between iris
and cornea.
• Normal eye pressure ranges from 12-22 mm Hg, and
eye pressure of greater than 22 mm Hg is considered
higher than normal.

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 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF GLAUCOMA?
• Two types :
- open angle
- close angle

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WHO GETS GLAUCOMA AND HOW IS IT
DIAGNOSED?

• Person above the age of 40.

• Can occur in children too due to various parameters.
• Cant be detected in early stage .
• Advanced stage can cause blindness.

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 OBJECTIVE

• Develop An algorithm for detection of glaucoma using a digital

fundus image obtained from the test patient and classifying the
image as glaucomatous or non-glaucomatous by using a trained
CNN model.

• To increase the accuracy and implementing by simulation .

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 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

• The scope of this project is to develop an

algorithm which detects glaucoma in early
stages which cannot reverse the occurred
damage but can at least help in stopping from
total vision loss.

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 MOTIVATION

• Interest in medical field was the main reason for

researching about the present requirement for
diagnosis of disease like glaucoma.

• The necessity of diagnosis of glaucoma in early stage

and reducing the risk of vision loss would help
contribute a small area in society

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

1] Xiangyu Chen, Shuicheng Yan, Damon Wing Kee Wong, Tien

Yin Wong and Jiang Liu (2015)
“Automatic Feature Learning for Glaucoma Detection Based on
Deep-Learning” Springer International Publishing Switzerland
2015
• The neural network is able to capture the discriminative
features that better characterize the hidden patterns related to
glaucoma.
• The DL consists of Convolution layers which use multilayer
perceptrons to convolve the input.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
(contd..)
2] Jen Hong Tan, U Rajendra Acharya, Sulatha V Bhandary,
Kuang Chua Chua, Sobha Sivaprasad. (2017).
“Segmentation of Optic Disc, Fovea and Retinal Vasculature
using a Single Convolutional Neural Network ”. Journal of
Computational Science (2017).
• It includes the segmentation of three features including
segmentation of fundus images which locates either
Vasculature, Optic Disc and Fovea.
• It consists of background normalization and 7 layer CNN .

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
(contd..)
3] Raghavendra U, Anjan Gudigar, Sulatha V Bhandary, Hamido
Fujita.(2018).
“Deep Convolution Neural Network for Accurate Diagnosis of
Glaucoma using Digital Fundus Images”. An Article in
Information Sciences.
• An input Fundus Image of 64x64 is subjected to CNN.
• The complete algorithm is developed in MATLAB and is
executed on the system itself.
• The evaluation is carried out by dividing the data set into
training and testing images with different learning rates for a
particular parameter chosen.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
(contd..)
4]Venkata Gopal Edupuganti, Akshay Chawla, Amit Kale.(2018)
“Automatic Optic Disc and Cup Segmentation of Fundus Images
using Deep learning”.(2018 IEEE)

• The system predicts OD and Cup boundaries in a single pass

using fully Convolutional Networks and does not require
resizing of original image or cropping to OD region for Cup
prediction

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
(contd..)
5] Annan Li ,Yunhong Wang, Jun Cheng, Jiang Liu(2018)
“Combining Multiple Deep Features for Glaucoma
Classification” (2018 IEEE).
• In this method, the Optic Disc is located by a deformable
shape model.
• A square region of interest is sampled and normalized
according to the bounding box of Optic Disc.
• The features of ROI are represented by 7 popular
Convolutional Neural Networks. The detection is carried out
by applying linear support vector machine classifier on the
concatenated deep feature.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
(contd..)
6] Kim, J., Candemir, S., Chew, E. Y., & Thoma, G. R. (2018).
“Region of Interest Detection in Fundus Images Using
Deep Learning and Blood Vessel Information”. 2018 IEEE
31st International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical
Systems (CBMS).
• Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are used to classify
ROI and non-ROI images.
• The structure of CNNs is composed of two convolutional
layers, two Max Pooling layers, two fully connected layers,
and one output layer. We train two CNNs using fundus
images from the MESSIDOR dataset, a public dataset
containing 1,200 fundus images.
• In addition, we estimate blood vessels from the images and
use the images embedded with the blood vessels to train two
other CNNs
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 LITERATURE SURVEY
(contd..)
7] Nacer Eddin benzebouchi, Nabhiha Azizi, Seif
Eddine Bouziane proposed “Glaucoma Diagnosis
Using Cooperative Convolution Neural Network”.
Department of computer science, Labged Laboratory,
University of Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Algeria.
International Journal of Advances in Electronics and
Computer Science, ISSN: 2393-2835 Volume-5, Issue-
1, Jan.-2018.
• introduction to a deep learning based CNN method
for diagnosing Glaucoma in fundus imagery using
RGB images and grey level images is proposed.
• This is a medical imaging task with increasing
diagnostic relevance, and one that has been
subjected to many
18-05-2019
studies in the past.
Dep of E&C Engg, JIT, Bengaluru 20
 LITERATURE SURVEY
8] In year 2017, 25th February V Ashok, G Murugesan proposed
“Detection of Retinal Area from Scanning Laser
Ophthalmoscope Images Using Deep Neural Network (DLL)”.
• Scanning laser ophthalmoscopes (SLOs) can be used for early
detection of retinal diseases and the SLO can image a large part
of the retinal image to diagnose it in a better way.
• Eyelashes and eyelids are also imaged with the retinal image
during the image process used to exclude the artefacts of the
retinal image.
• The proposed SLO approach automatically extracts both the
true retinal area and artefacts of the image based on image
processing and machine learning approach. Superpixel and
Deep Neural Network (DNN) are used to reduce the
complexity of image processing tasks, the result is being
provided with a primitive image pattern.
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 METHODOLOGY

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 Steps taken to implement the
above mentioned system

• Obtain a valid and clean dataset containing

fundus images of healthy and glaucomatous
images.
• Create a dataset for training and validation.
• Train the model with required number of
epochs and save the model with highest
possible validation accuracy.
• Load model and feed the test images to
generate prediction.
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 ALEXNET ALGORITHM
(contd..)

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 ALEXNET AS A MODEL

• Alex Net is a convolutional neural network that is trained on

more than a million images from the ImageNet database.
• The network can classify images into 1000 object categories,
such as keyboard, mouse, pencil, and many animals.
• As a result, the network has learned rich feature
representations for a wide range of images.
• The network has an image input size of 227-by-227.
• The command “classify” is used to classify new images using
the AlexNet network .
• Syntax : net= alexnet which means it returns a pretrained
network

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 Variation in accuracy
• When training images is 0.7 and testing images are 0.3 then we obtain,

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 Variation in accuracy
• When training images are 0.8 and testing images are 0.2 we obtain,

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 Convolutional Neural
Network

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 Observation of original
network

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 Observations of modified
network

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 Contd..

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 Value observations
NETWORKS ACCURACY

NET1 70%

NET2 66.67%

NET3 63.33%

NET4 70%

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 Epoch performance

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 ISSUES FACED

• Requires more time for training and execution.

• Very small dataset.

• Finding the right number of epochs.

• Finding architecture which performs better.

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 RECTIFICATION OF ISSUES

• All the problems mentioned above were solved by changing

the internal layers of our architectures according to the
performances of the model.

• The dataset remains the same and the smaller data set hasn’t
been resolved.

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 WORK TO BE DONE

• Will try to improve the accuracy and try to compare it with the
worked CNN architectures.

• Will try to change more layers in the CNN architecture to

check for its accuracy.

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 EXPECTED OUTCOME
• Detecting the glaucomatous and non glaucomatous
images from the images fed to the Network.
• A graphical representation of accuracy and loss for
comparison is to be observed.
• Accuracy for the detected images is being observed.

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 REFERENCES

[1] Xiangyu Chen, Shuicheng Yan, Damon Wing Kee Wong, Tien
Yin Wong and Jiang Liu (2015)
“Automatic Feature Learning for Glaucoma Detection Based
on Deep-Learning” Springer International Publishing
Switzerland 2015.
[2] Jen Hong Tan, U Rajendra Acharya, Sulatha V Bhandary,
Kuang Chua Chua, Sobha Sivaprasad. (2017).
“Segmentation of Optic Disc, Fovea and Retinal
Vasculature using a Single Convolutional Neural
Network ”. Journal of Computational Science (2017).

18-05-2019 Dep of E&C Engg, JIT, Bengaluru 38

 REFERENCES (contd..)

[3] Raghavendra U, Anjan Gudigar, Sulatha V Bhandary, Hamido

Fujita.(2018).
“Deep Convolution Neural Network for Accurate Diagnosis of
Glaucoma using Digital Fundus Images”. An Article in
Information Sciences.

[4]Venkata Gopal Edupuganti, Akshay Chawla, Amit Kale.(2018)

“Automatic Optic Disc and Cup Segmentation of Fundus
Images using Deep learning”.(2018 IEEE)

18-05-2019 Dep of E&C Engg, JIT, Bengaluru 39

 REFERENCES (contd..)

[5] Annan Li ,Yunhong Wang, Jun Cheng, Jiang Liu(2018)

“Combining Multiple Deep Features for Glaucoma
Classification” (2018 IEEE).

[6] Kim, J., Candemir, S., Chew, E. Y., & Thoma, G. R. (2018).
“Region of Interest Detection in Fundus Images Using Deep
Learning and Blood Vessel Information”. 2018 IEEE 31st
International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems
(CBMS).

18-05-2019 Dep of E&C Engg, JIT, Bengaluru 40

 REFERENSES (contd..)

[7] Nacer Eddin benzebouchi, Nabhiha Azizi, Seif Eddine

Bouziane proposed “Glaucoma Diagnosis Using
Cooperative Convolution Neural Network”.
Department of computer science, Labged Laboratory,
University of Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Algeria.
International Journal of Advances in Electronics and
Computer Science, ISSN: 2393-2835 Volume-5, Issue-1,
Jan.-2018.

[8] 2017, 25th February V Ashok, G Murugesan proposed

“Detection of Retinal Area from Scanning Laser
Ophthalmoscope Images Using Deep Neural Network
(DLL)”.
18-05-2019 Dep of E&C Engg, JIT, Bengaluru 41
 REFERENCES (contd..)

[9] 2017 March, Baidaa Al-Bander, Waleed Al-Nuaimy, Majid

Al-Taee, Yalin Zheng from University of Liverpool proposed
“Glaucoma Diagnosis Using Feature Learning Based on
Convolutional Neural Network”.

[10] Jun Cheng, Jiang Liu, Yanwu Xu, Fengshou Yin, damon
wing kee wong, Ngan-Meng Tan, Dacheng Tao, Ching-yu Cheng,
Tin Aung and Tien Yin Wong developed a new method for optic
disc

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 REFERENCES (contd..)

[11] Yousefi, S., Goldbaum, M. H., Balasubramanian, M., Tzyy-

Ping Jung, Weinreb, R. N., Medeiros, F.A.Bowd, C. (2014).
”Glaucoma Progression Detection Using Structural Retinal
Nerve Fibre Layer Measurements and Functional Visual
Field Points”. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[12] In year 2012, Nilanjan Dewy performed a work, “Optical

Cup to Disc Ratio Measurement for Glaucoma Diagnosis
Using Harris Corner”.

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 REFERENCES (contd..)

[13] Year 2008, S. Sekhar performed a work “Automated

Localization of Retinal Optic Disc Using HOUGH
Transform”.

[14] Year 2010, Zhuo Zhangper formed a work, “ORIGA-light”.

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