POWER FACTOR CORRECTION BY CURRENT

CONTROL METHOD THROUGH SWITCHING

WITH ENERGY MONITORING

GROUP MEMBERS:
M UMAIR ARIF (F14-BEE-286)
ANWAR ALI (F14-BEE-202)
M TAUQEER (F14-BEE-265)
JAHANGIR KHAN (F14-BEE-220)
CONTENTS:

 AIM OF PROJECT
 WHY PFC?
 NEW TECNIQUES
 USE
 PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM
 METHADOLOGY
 ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
 BENEFITS OF ENERGY MONITORING
 PLANNING
AIM OF PROJECT:

 Designing a system to improve power factor lagging and leading effect in

system which is very necessary for generation and load site .

 And also monitoring some parameters to check the behavior of power

factor on the system.

 Power factor correction brings the power factor of an AC power circuit

closer to unity .
WHY PFC ?
 Low power factor in the power distribution system causes the energy crises in
the supply of energy resources.

 In an electrical power system a load with a low power factor draws more
current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful
power transferred.

 The higher currents increase the energy lost in distribution system.

Ploss =(I^2)(R)
NEW TECHNIQUES:

 Static VAR Compensator:

 Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR)
 Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC)

Combinations :
 TSC (Thyristor Switched Capacitor)
 TSR or TCR
 TCR-FC
 TSR-TSC
 TCR-TSC-FC
COMPARISON:

TECHNIQUES DESCRIPTION
TSC No harmonic filtration
(thyristor switched No ability to correct the leading reactive power
capacitor) Cost effective but not suitable
 The first group consists of thyristor controlled reactors.
TCR-TSC-FC The second group consists of TSC, which is the primary source
(TCR-TSC-Fixed of reactive power.
Capacitor) FC-higher harmonic filter (treated as fixed capacities – FC),
which are an additional source of reactive power .
Cost is high
TSR-TSC No harmonic filtration.
No cost effective
The first one is a TCR module that receives reactive power.
The second is FC (Fixed Capacitor), which include also higher
TCR-FC harmonic filters.
 FC is a source of reactive power.
Very cost effective than all the above tecniques.
USE:

TCR-FC (Thyristor Controlled Reactor/Fixed Capacitor)

A thyristor controlled reactor is used in combination with a fixed capacitor.

BENEFITS:
 Continuous control

 Cost effective

 Low maintenance

 Simple in construction

 Efficient
If the load is Inductive
 If the load is inductive ,it will draw more current and when the current
Increases,the voltage will decrease.
 So the capacitor banks of SVC are automatically switched into improve
the system voltage.
 So,when the system voltage is low (Vinput > Vsystem), the SVC
generates reactive power(capacitive mode).

If the load is capacitive

 If the load is capacitive, the load injects current go to the supply and it
will make harmonic and the voltage will be higher.
 So, reactors(TCR) of SVC will operate to consume reactive power from
the system to make the voltage lower.
 So when the system voltages high (Vinput < Vsystem),the SVC absorbs
reactive power (inductive mode)
 PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM :

CT

SUPPLY TCR-FC LOAD

PT

CURRENT VOLTAGE
ZCD ZCD CIRCUIT CIRCUIT

DRIVER

DISPLAY
MICROCONTROLLER PIC 18F4520
METHADOLOGY:

 Voltage and current measurement

 Power factor measurement
MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT:

 Measured RMS voltage, current and power through the detection of waves peak.

 With the help of these above parameters , can be measure active power,reactive
power and apparent power.

 For voltage and current measurement we use IC LM258 as a difference amplifier.

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT:
FEATURES : (IC lm258 as a difference amplifier)

Low input bias current: 20 nA (temperature compensated)

 Low input offset voltage: 2 mV
 Low input offset current: 2 nA
 VCC Supply voltage : 3 to 30
 Input current : 5 mA in DC or 50 mA in AC
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER:

 Convert analog signal to digital signal

 Use ADC channel (o) and channel(1)
 We use 10 bit ADC due high accuracy
 Resolution for 10 bit is (2)^10=1024
 10 bit ADC will break the range in 5/1024 = 4.8mV approx.
 COMPARISON:

With two bits, we can ONLY display 4 different options With three bits we can get 8 different options

00 01 10 11 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

RESOLUTION OF ADC:
COMPARISON BETWEEN ADC RESOLUTION:
POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENT:

 Before going to improvement of power factor first thing is necessary to measure

power factor.

 For the measurement of power factor required zero crossing detector circuit a,
with the help of this circuit we can measured power factor.

power factor = Cos(pi)

DESIGN OF LOW PASS FILTER:

Design Filter for a given Fc=56.87 hz

1)calculate the filter time constant: t=1/2*(pi)*Fc=2.80ms
2) Choose a capacitor value : for instance, C=7uF.
3) calculate the corresponding value of R: R=t/C=400 ohm
ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR:

 It used to detect the zero point of sine wave signal.

 it convert sine wave into square wave form, it is also known as square wave
generator.

 TS372 Op-Amp used to detect the zero value of both signals and takeout phase
difference between two waves with the help of interrupt and timer modules of
PIC microcontroller.
POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENT:
FEATURES : (TS 372 comparator)

 Wide single supply range or dual supplies 3 V to 16 V or ±1.5 V to ±8 V

 Very low supply current: 0.1 mA/comparator independent of supply voltage
 Extremely low input bias current: 1 pA
 Extremely low input offset currents: 1 pA
 Low input offset voltage
High input impedance: 1012 Ω typical
 Fast response time: 200 ns
ADVANTAGES OF LOW POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT:

 Increase in efficiency of system and devices

 Low Voltage Drop
 Reduction in size of a conductor and cable which reduces cost of the Cooper
 An Increase in available power
 Line Losses (Copper Losses) I2R is reduced
 Appropriate Size of Electrical Machines (Transformer, Generators etc)
 Eliminate the penalty of low power factor from the Electric Supply Company
 Low kWh (Kilo Watt per hour)
 Saving in the power bill
 Better usage of power system, lines and generators etc
 Saving in energy as well as rating and the cost of the electrical devices and
equipment is reduced.
BENEFITS OF ENERGY MONITORING:

 Identify and explain excessive energy use.

 Visualize energy consumption trends (daily, weekly, seasonal, operational…).
 Determine future energy use and costs when planning changes in the business.
 Diagnose specific areas of wasted energy.
 Develop performance targets for energy management programs.
 PLANNING:
PHASE TIME WORK
1 OCTOBER LITERATURE STUDY
2 NOVEMBER EQUIPMENT SELECTION
3 DECEMBER & 1ST WEEK OF JAN 2018 Mechanical Designing and
manufacturing
4 2ND WEEK OF JAN Arena designing of the project
5 LAST 2 WEEKS OF JAN & 1ST WEEK OF Programming
FEB

6 FEB Circuits simulation and testing

7 1ST WEEK OF MARCH PCB manufacturing

8 2 WEEKS OF MARCH integrations of electrical circuits and

mechanical design

9 LAST WEEK OF MARCH & FIRST TWO Final testing of the project
WEEKS OF APRIL