TITLE : Antixenotic and Antibiotic

Mechanisms of Resistance to African Rice

Gall Midge in Nigeria
PRESENTER: Shehzad khan
SUPERVISOR: AP. DR. Nazeer Ahmed.
DATE : 31ST OCTOBER, 2018.
INTRODUCTION
RICE PLANT
poaceace
AFRICAN RICE GALL MIDGE

Mated F400 EGGS IN 3 DAY LIFE EGG HATCH ON LARVAE MOVES 2-3WEEKS GALLS APPEAR AT
SPAN THIRD DAY OF TO GROWING FEEDING PUPATION
HATCHING POINTS
 INTRODUCTION

 Rice is important staple food in Africa,

cultivated for 3000 years.
 Local rice production has not been able
to meet local consumption due to pests
and diseases.
 O. oryzivora is a major insect pest.
 Several management steps have been
taken but HPR is farmer friendly & long
term control.
 Plants have its immunity (secondary
metabolites) , it may be induced or
natural, grouped into three main
categories.

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
Resistant varieties of rice are
still prejudiced cause of ample
information about R traits.

Proper lab analysis and

investigation is required for
identification of R traits.

Identification of secondary
metabolites in different
genotypes.

Help out breeders in their

future breeding program.
MATERIALS
and
METHODS
a)Test entries:
 Conducted in 2011 & 2012 on ten rice genotypes.
 Two susceptible Oryza sativa (Cisadane,BW348-1).
 Three interspecific progenies (NERICA L-19,NERICA L-25,NERICA L-49).
 Three resistant O. glaberrima (TOG 7106,TOG 7206,TOG 7442)
 Two O. Sativa varieties as check varieties (TOS 14519;Rc,ITA 306;Sc).
b)Experimental design :
• RCBD with 3 replications .
• Infested seedlings were transplant at 21
DAS ,2seedling/hill.
• Basal NPK dose 40:40:40 kg/ha was applied
before sowing .
• Top dressing of urea at 20-25 DAT.
• Three times hand weeding before
harvesting.
c)Assessment of % tiller infestaion:
 Total number of tillers per hill &
number of tillers with gall to estimate
susceptibility & resistance.
 Carried out at 45 & 70 DAT.
d)Morphological
assessment:
Traits observed are,
 Leaf length, seedling
vigour, leaf glossiness,
leaf surface wetness
,ligular hair and color,
leaf sheath & color.
 Number of eggs on
each sheath.
d)Biochemical analysis:
 This analysis carried out on leaf
samples.
 Counting total phenols,
Monoterpenoids, Salicylic acid,
Coumarin, Terpenoids,
Sesquiterpenoids, Jasmonic acids,
Cystein protease.
 Phenols & tannis determined by
UV-Vis spectrometer while
Flavonoids by Harborne method.
 Sugar amount observed by UV at
a wavelength 485nm.
e)Statistical GLM procedure of
SAS for combined
analysis: analysis.

PCA on each trait to

PRINCOMP method
determine group of
of SAS for ranking
traits responsible
varieties.
for variance .
RESULTS
Tiller infestation ( %
)

GENOTYPES 45 DAT 70 DAT MEAN % RESISTANT(IRRI,SES)

TOG 7106 0.00 0.00 0.00 HR

TOG 7206 0.00 6.51 3.26 R

TOS 14519 5.71 2.56 4.14 R

TOG 7442 11.27 0.00 5.63 R

BW 348-1 10.38 10.26 10.32 MR

NERICAL-25 7.04 19.85 13.44 MS

NERICAL-19 13.08 25.70 19.39 MS

ITA 306 16.87 23.22 20.04 S

NERICAL-49 13.43 33.25 23.34 S

CISADANE 27.04 45.69 36.36 S

TRAITS FOR RESISTANCE
IN RICE GENOTYPES

SOURCES OF R LEVEL OF R TRAITS FOR ANTIBIOSIS TRAITS OF ANTIXENOSIS

O. glaberrima
TOG 7106 HR Phenols , terpenoids, salicylic acids Leaf length , sheath , glossiness, seedling
,monoterpenoid vigour
TOG 7442 R Phenols Leaf length & sheath
TOG 7206 R Low phenol Leaf length & sheath
O. sativa
TOS 14519 R Sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, Seedling vigour & leaf sheath
terpenoids.
CISADANE S Low terpenoids & flavonoids Leaf surface wetness, high eggs deposition
BW 348-1 MS
ITA -306 S Low phenol leaf wetness, high eggs deposition
Interspecific progenies
NERICAL-19 MS Coumarin, phenol Ligular hair, leaf length
NERICAL-25 MS Coumarin , cysteine protease Leaf length, leaf surface wetness
NERICAL-49 S Low phenol content& low monoterpenoids Short internode elongation
DISCUSSIONS
Morphological Traits

 O. glaberrima are highly resistant or resistant, all others were susceptible.

 Number of trichomes are not consider as important R trait.
 Long leaf length, leaf sheath, leaf surface wetness.
 Long leaf shows antixenotic traits followed by low eggs deposition & low
larval survival .
Morphological Traits

 Number of eggs directly relates with % tiller infestation.

 High rate of leaf wetness helps in easy eggs & larval movement to leaf
sheath.
Physio-morphic Traits

 Plant shape, size, color, surface texture, trichomes.

 Plant wax, thickness & toughness of tissues, fruit diameter, fruit thickness
and toughness.
Biochemical Traits

 Secondary metabolites responsible for antibiotic characters.

 Phenols inversely related with % tiller infestation.
 Phenols have toxic compounds primarly produce by shikimi & melonic acids,
act as enzymes inhibitor.
 Terpenoids, monoterpenoids, primary compounds of essential oil act as pest
repellent.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
 All traits are which we find are
not fixed to resistance.
 Each antibiotic trait did not
responsible for resistance solely.
 In O. glaberrima is highly
resistant not due to phenols only,
it includes other secondary
metabolites.
Future Work?

 To determine other traits responsible for resistance in rice .

Any Question?