Melting Vaporization
Freezing Condensation
Require energy
Sublimation
Melting Vaporization
Freezing Condensation
Deposition
Release energy
subliming
melting evaporating/boiling
freezing condensing
Molecules at the surface break away
and become gas.
Only those with enough KE
escape
Evaporation is a cooling
process.
It requires energy.
Change from gas to liquid
Molecules stick together
Releases energy.
Achieves a equilibrium with
vaporization in a closed system.
What is a closed system?
A closed system means
matter can’t go in or out.
(put a cork in it)
What the heck is a
“equilibrium?”
When first sealed the molecules
gradually escape the surface of the
liquid
When first sealed the molecules
gradually escape the surface of the
liquid
As the molecules build up above
the liquid some condense back
to a liquid.
1. Hold the love meter by the base and observe
what happens.
2. Explain why.
3. Is boiling endothermic or exothermic?
1. What happens to the bird as it drinks.
2. Explain why.
3. What happens to the bird when it is covered
with a dome.
4. Explain why.
Temperature is a measure of the kinetic
energy of molecules
As the temperature is increases, there is
more kinetic energy.
Standard temperature is 0oC or 273K
To convert from Celsius to Kelvin
____oC + 273 = ____K
At absolute zero, all molecules stop
moving.
Absolute zero = 0 K = -273oC
Convert room temperature to Kelvin:
Pressure is formed by molecules hitting the
sides of a container
Pressure = Force
surface area
Dish of Mercury
What happens to the pressure inside as the
can is shaken?
What would happen if it was opened?
What happens when the can is thumped?
Why doesn’t the soda come out?
Draw the set up.
Make observations.
Why does the ruler break?
1. Make observations about the air pressure
created by the air zooka.
2. Explain why this happens.
Above 760 mm Hg = below 760 mm Hg =
good weather bad weather
At sea level Above sea level
1 atm
If you double the number of
molecules
You double the pressure.
2 atm
4 atm
As you remove
molecules from a
container
2 atm
As you remove molecules
from a container the
pressure decreases
1 atm As you remove molecules
from a container the
pressure decreases
Until the pressure inside
equals the pressure outside
Molecules naturally move
from high to low pressure
State of Matter Temperature Pressure
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Pressure
Temperature
Changing the temperature and pressure can
affect whether matter is a solid, a liquid, or a
gas.
As temperature increases, molecules move
faster and can go from being a solid to a
liquid to a gas.
As pressure increases, molecules are pushed
together and can forces them go to from a
gas, to a liquid, to a solid.
1. Observe what happens when hot water is
placed in the vacuum pump.
2. What is the temperature of the water?
3. How is it possible to boil water when it’s not
100oC?
When elements are heated under pressure
and then allowed to cool, they can produce
different arrangements with their atoms.
These different structures are called
allotropes.
Carbon is one element that has different
allotropes.
a = diamond, b = graphite, c = graphene, d = coal, e = bucky ball, f = bucky tube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wv8KC4Y
-_RQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEbxLrP
_ZCU
1. Rinse soda can and add 10 ml of water.
2. Heat the can over a Hot plate until steam is
rolling out of the top.
Turn can upside down
and dunk the can in
ice water.
0 books 30 ml
1 book
2 books
3 books
4 books
5 books
1. Make a graph of pressure on x axis and
volume on the y axis.
2. Describe the shape of the graph.
3. Does your data support Boyle’s law. Explain.
4. Use your graph to predict how many books
would be required to make the volume be 8
ml.
5. Will the volume ever reach 0 ml? Explain.
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-
12/airplane/boyle.html
1. Balloon in the Vacuum Pump
Observation:
Explanation:
2. Shaving Cream in the Vacuum Pump
Observation:
Explanation:
3. Marshmallow Peeps in the Vacuum Pump
Observation:
Explanation:
What do you see? Why do you think it is true?
1. Get hot water beaker and a cold water beaker.
2. Dip the opening of a plastic bottle into the soap
solution so that a soap film forms on top.
3. Place the bottom of the bottle in the hot water
and hold it there.
4. Repeat the process with the cold water.
5. What do you observe?
6. Write a statement about temperature and
volume of a gas.
Charles’ Law states, “If the pressure remains
constant, then the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature.”
This can be represented mathematically as
V1T2 = V2T1
Temperature must be on the Kelvin scale
Kelvin = oC + 273
1. Make a drawing of the balloon and the flask.
2. Predict what will happen as the flask is
heated with a balloon over it.
3. Record what happens.
4. Predict what will happen when the flask is
cooled.
5. Record what happens.
6. Explain why.
Calculate the temperature required to change
the volume of a gas from 100 ml of gas to 50
ml of gas if the original temperature was
27oC.
V1 = 100 ml
T1 = 27oC + 273 = 300 K
V2 = 50 ml
T2 = ?
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-
12/airplane/glussac.html
What do you
predict will
happen to the
balloon as the
temperature is
increased?
Why?
1. Record the temperature of the gas inside the
bottle.
2. Pump air into the bottle and then observe
the temperature again.
3. Write a statement about how temperature
and pressure are related.
Gay-Lusaac’s Law states, “If the volume
remains constant, then the pressure of a gas
is directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature.”
This can be represented mathematically as
P1T2 = P2T1
Temperature must be on the Kelvin scale
Kelvin = oC + 273
This law relates all three variables of
temperature, pressure, and volume.
V1P1T2 = V2P2T1
STP = standard temperature and pressure
(273 K and 101.3 kPa)
What is the change in pressure when air is
pumped into the bottle?
V1 = ____ mL
P1 = ____kPa
T1 = _____oC + 273 = _____ K
V2 = ____ mL
P2 = ?
T2 = _____oC + 273 = _____ K
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-
12/airplane/Animation/frglab2.html
1.0 liter of gas is at ___oC and ___ kPa. What
is the volume at STP?
V1 = ____liter
P1 = ____kPa
T1 = _____oC + 273 = _____ K
V2 = ?
P2 = 101.3 kPa
T2 = 273 K
Volume before = _________ml
Pressure before = ________kPa
Temperature before = ______oC
Volume after = __________ml
Temperature after = ___________ oC
Pressure after (calculated) = ___?_____
The ideal gas law considers how much gas is
added to a container
Then it determines how temperature,
pressure, and volume are affected by the
amount of gas.
The amount of gas is represented by the
number of moles of the gas.
The mathematical representation of the law
is
PV = nRT
where
P = pressure in kilopascals (kPa)
V = volume in liters (L)
n = number of moles
R = gas constant 8.31
T = temperature in Kelvin (K)
What is the volume of 1.00 mole of a gas at
STP?
How many moles of CO2 are in the bottle?
P = __________
V = __________
n = __________
R = 8.31
T = __________
http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/Labor
atory/GLP.htm
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between
hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate if the products are
water, salt, and carbon dioxide gas.
P = _________________
V = __________________
n = _________________
R = 8.31
T = _________________
1. Calculate the volume by dividing by 1000 to
put it liters and the temperature by adding
273.
2. Solve for the number of moles.
3. Determine the number of grams of butane
you used.
4. Divide the grams by moles to get the GFM.
Conclusions
1. What is the actual GFM of butane C4H10?
2. How does the GFM compare to the value you
calculated? What are some sources of error?