PEDAGOGY
ENGLISH 316
MYCAH-AMELITA C. CHAVEZ
LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY
• The students become better and better at pattern practice, but are
unable to use the patterns fluently in a spontaneous and natural way.
• The teacher must either be a native speaker or a proficient user of
the target language in order to provide good models of correct
grammar and pronunciation.
• Teachers tend to use the audio-visual materials as the method itself,
instead of using them as a teaching aids.
TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE GRAMMAR
• Chomsky theorized that language competence is innate, and that
children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD).
• The LAD is supposed to consist of three elements: a hypothesis-maker,
linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.
• Chomsky proposed generative grammar, a system of rules that in
some explicit and well-defined way, assigns structural descriptions to
sentences.
• Transformational grammar assigns a “deep structure” and a “surface
structure” to show the relationship of such sentences.
TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE GRAMMAR
• The target language is the medium of instruction, including the language of the
exercises and teacher talk used for classroom management.
• The method focuses on inductive teaching of grammar.
• The goal of the instruction is for the students to guess, or work out, the rules of the
language.
• To aid in induction, the teacher asks questions that are hopefully interesting and
meaningful, and the students' response is then used to provide an example of the
target structure.
DIRECT METHOD
• Advantages
o It gives the students a real command of the English language.
o This method makes the study of English interesting and lively.
o It facilitates speaking in the target language.
o This method is psychologically sound.
• Disadvantages
o This method does not consider all aspects of language.
o Emphasis is on aural-oral appeal.
o There may be lack of suitable teachers.
o There is difficulty in explanation.
o It ignores human nature and student’s nature.
TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE
• Developed by James J. Asher in the 1960s, Total Physical Response (TPR), is conducted
with the teacher giving the students instructions and the students following the instructions
by using whole body responses. (Richards and Rodgers, 2001).
• TPR is based on the premise that the human brain has a biological program for acquiring
any natural language on earth including the sign language of the deaf (Asher, 1977),
• TPR is most useful for beginners.
• TPR is also used for teaching students with dyslexia or related learning disabilities.
TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE
• Advantages
o It is fun and easy.
o It does not require a great deal of preparation on the part of the teacher.
o It is a good tool for learning vocabulary.
o Class size does not need to be a problem.
o There is no age barrier.
• Disadvantages
o It is not a very creative method.
o It is may be hard to overuse TP.
o It is limited.
o It must be combined with other approaches.
SILENT WAY
• Silent way is the method of language teaching which was proposed by Caleb Gattegno.
• This method is based on the view that the teachers should be silent in the classroom as much as
possible but the teacher must encourage the students to speak and use the language.
• The most important aspect of this method is its elements that are used for language teaching i.e.
colored charts and colored rods (Richards and Rodgers, 2001).
• This method focuses on the learners to discover on their own rather than remember or memorize
something.
• The learners are facilitated in learning by giving them some problem to solve which involves the
materials that are needed to be learned.
SILENT WAY
• Advantages
o It enables a very high degree of interaction between the teacher and the students as
well as between the students themselves.
o The self-esteem of the students will be increased and this will enhance learning.
o It respects the individual and shows an awareness of the individual’s cognitive ability.
• Disadvantages
o The Silent Way is a very abstract way of learning a language.
o It will be difficult to use in large classes.
o The use of rods may seem irrelevant to the students and involves silence and
concentration (Celce-Murcia 1979).
NATURAL APPROACH
• In 1977, Tracey Terrell proposed the natural approach of language teaching, which was
influenced by Stephen Krashen’s theory of language acquisition.
• The natural approach was actually based on the observation and understanding of the
acquisition of the first and the second language in informal settings (Richards and
Rodgers, 2001).
• The natural approach focuses on communication as the major function of language.
• In this approach, language is considered as the vehicle or means of conveying a message
and information.
NATURAL APPROACH
• Advantages
o Students are not pressured to produce language until they are ready.
o It focuses on vocabulary, particularly everyday language.
o It employs engaging activities.
o It emphasizes the importance of input for language learning.
• Disadvantages
o It is best for beginner learners but doesn't seem as effective for more advanced
students.
o It is time consuming.
o Not all teachers are proficient enough in the foreign language.
COMMUNITY LANGUAGE LEARNING
• Disadvantages
o The counselor-teacher can become too non-directive.
o It relies upon an inductive strategy of learning.
o It depends largely on the translation expertise of the counselor.
TASK-BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING
• Advantages
o Task-based teaching offers the opportunity for ‘natural’ learning inside the classroom.
o It emphasizes meaning over form but can also cater for learning form.
o It is motivating for learners.
o It is compatible with a learner-centered educational philosophy
• Disadvantages
o It is not easy to prepare a task which is suitable to the learners' level.
o Moreover, teachers may feel unsure about how much input to give at the pre-task phase.
o It is difficult to find out materials so teachers should adapt their available materials.
o It may be irrelevant to beginner levels.
CONTENT-BASED INSTRUCTION
• The focus of a CBI lesson is on the topic or subject matter.
• Students are focused on learning about something.
• They learn about this subject using the target language, rather than their native
language.
• The students are responsible for their learning.
• The teacher is a facilitator of learning.
• It is thought to be a more natural way of developing language ability and one
that corresponds more to the way we originally learn our first language.
CONTENT-BASED INSTRUCTION
• Advantages
o Students can develop a much wider knowledge of the world.
o It can make learning a language more interesting and motivating.
o It helps students to develop study skills such as note taking, summarizing and extracting key
information from texts.
o It help students to develop their collaborative skills, which can have great social value.
o Learners are exposed to a considerable amount of language content.
• Disadvantages
o Students may feel confused or may even feel that they aren’t improving their language skills.
o The overuse of the students’ native language during parts of the lesson can be a problem.
o It can be hard to find information sources and texts that lower levels can understand.
COMPUTER ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING
• Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) is the general term for the
range of processes and activities that employ computers in the teaching
and learning of a new language.
• The history of CALL is often divided into three phases:
o Structural CALL
o Communicative CALL
o Integrative CALL
COMPUTER-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING
• Advantages of CALL
o Individualized
o Interactive
• Disadvantages of call
o Reduced or no human interaction
o Technical issues
o Access to technology
THANK YOU.