CHAPTER 1

PERSONALITY:
NATURE,
SIGNIFICANCE,
CHARACTERISTICS,
TYPES AND THEORIES
THE NATURE
OF
PERSONALITY
 PERSONALITY
Set of individual differences that are
affected by the development of an
individual.
Refers to individual differences in
characteristic patterns.
It implies psychological and social character
that an individual acquires by hereditary
biological endowment.
VARIOUS WAYS ON HOW
THINKERS, SOCIAL
PSYCHOLOGISTS AND
OTHERS DEFINED
PERSONALITY
 KIMBALL YOUNG
“Personality is a patterned
body of habits, traits,
attitudes and ideas of an
individual.”
 GORDON ALLPORT
“Personality is the dynamic
organization with the individual
of those psycho-physical systems
that determine his unique
adjustment to his environment.”
 WILLIAM OGBURN
“Personality is the integration of
the socio-psychological behavior
of the human being, represented
by habits of action and feeling,
attitudes and opinions.”
SHELLY LUNDBERG
“Personality refers to the
habits, attitudes and other
social traits that are
characteristic of a given
individual’s behavior.”
LAWRENCE PEWIN
“Personality represents those
structural and dynamic
properties of an individual or
individuals as they reflect
themselves in characteristic
responses to situations.”
TWO MAIN APPROACHES TO
THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY

1.Psychological Approach

2.Sociological Approach
 FOUNDATIONS OF
PERSONALITY
1.Physiological Structure
2.Psychic Structure
3.Social and Cultural Structure
NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CULTURE AND PERSONALITY

Culture and personality are

interrelated.

Man is a social animal.

 CLIFFORD GEERTZ
“Culture provides the link
between what men are
intrinsically capable of
becoming and what they
actually, one by one, become.”
INFLUENCE/EFFECTS OF
CULTURE ON THE
PERSONALITY OF THE
MEMBERS OF THE
SOCIETY
1. INTERNAL BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR
 2. SENTIMENT AND
EMOTIONS
3. MODE OF HABIT
4. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
 FUNDAMENTAL
CHARACTERISTICS
OF PERSONALITY
 1. Unique in each individual.
2. Persistent qualities of an individual.
3. Dynamic orientation of organism to
environment.
4. Influenced by social interactions.
5. Unique organization of persistent
dynamic and social predisposition.
 BIG FIVE
Ingredients that make
up each individual’s
personality.
 O – Openness
C – Conscientiousness
E – Extraversion
A – Agreeableness
N – Neuroticism
 TYPES OF
PERSONALITY
HIGH-LEVEL DESCRIPTION OF THE
PERSONALITY TYPES
1. ISTJ – The Duty Fulfiller
2. ISTP – The Mechanic
3. ISFJ – The Nurturer
4. ISFP – The Artist
5. INFJ – The Protector
6. INFP – The Idealist
7. INTJ – The Scientist
8. INTP – The Thinker
HIGH-LEVEL DESCRIPTION OF THE
PERSONALITY TYPES
9. ESTP – The Doer
10. ESTJ – The Guardian
11. ESFP – The Performer
12. ESFJ – The Caregiver
13. ENFP – The Inspirer
14. ENFJ – The Giver
15. ENTP – The Visionary
16. ENTJ – The Executive
THEORIES OF
PERSONALITY
FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC
THEORY
Based on the belief that man
is encouraged more by
unforeseen forces than the
conscious and logical thought.
 ATTRIBUTES OF FREUD’S
THEORY
1. Id – innate component of personality.
2. Ego – derived from Id and assists in
dealing with the external world.
3. Superego – social component of
personality.
 ERIKSON’S THEORY OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Infancy – period between 0-1 years of age. E.g. Children of this age
are more comfortable with those faces they see more often and not
with strangers.
2. Early Childhood – period between 1-3 years of age. E.g. Children in
this are taught how to walk, how to talk, etc.
3. Play Age – period between 3-6 years of age. E.g. Children in this age
group need to be taught how to behave and should be taught to be
focused.
4. School Age – period between 6 years of age until puberty. E.g.
Teenagers should be protected and parents need to understand them
and should handle them patiently.
 ERIKSON’S THEORY OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
5. Adolescence – transformation from childhood to
adulthood. E.g. Decision such as which stream to
choose happens during this stage.
6. Early Adulthood – also known as young
adulthood. E.g. Making close friends.
7. Adulthood – E.g Applying for jobs.
8. Mature Adulthood – E.g. Taking care of the
family.
SHELDON’S PHYSIOGNOMY
THEORY
Presented personalities by
classifying individuals into
convenient categories based
on their body shapes.
 ENDOMORPHS
1. The body is soft and spherical.
2. People with this kind of personality love
comfort, eat a lot, like to be around
people, and desire affection.
3. Some features are large amount of fat
accumulation, insatiable appetite, larger
frame, etc.
 MESOMORPHS
1. The body is harder and rectangular
physique.
2. People with this kind of personality like to
take risk, are courageous, and have
power.
3. Some features are wide shoulders, small
waist, low body fat.
 ECTOMORPHS
1. The body is fragile, flat chest, and
delicate body.
2. People with this kind of personality
are anxious, ambitious, and dedicated.
3. Some features are narrow frame, low
body fat, etc.
EARLIEST KNOWN THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
Characterized human behavior
in terms of four temperaments,
each associated with a different
bodily fluid, or “humor.”
 1.Sanguine – with blood.
2.Phlegmatic – with phlegm.
3.Melancholic – with black
bile.
4.Choleric – with yellow bile.