By : -

Abhishek Mishra

27-Apr-2019
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 Structural concrete is formed as a mixture of
four basic ingredients –
Cement, Fine Aggregates, Coarse Aggregates and
Water.

 Structural concrete is used extensively in the

construction of various kinds of buildings, stadia,
auditoria, pavements, bridges, piers, dams,
pipes, water tanks, bunkers and silos,
chimneys, towers, tunnels, and the like.

 It is consumed approximately at the rate of one ton for every living human being. “Man consumes
no material except water in such tremendous quantities.” ( Ref. – Concrete : Microstructure,
Properties & Materials by PK Mehta and PJM Monterio, Indian Concrete Institute, Chennai.)

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 Durable under hostile environments.
 Easy to cast into a variety of shapes and sizes.
 Easy availability.
 Relatively economic.

 Main strength of concrete lies in its compression bearing ability. A wide range of
concrete grades can be produced to having compressive strength in the range of
10-100 MPa.

 Although remarkably strong in compression, concrete is equally remarkably

weak in tension. It’s tensile strength is approximately one-tenth of its
compressive strength.
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 Steel serves following purposes in concrete.

 It checks for concrete’s inability to

resist tension.

 It imparts ductility to a material

that is otherwise brittle.

 It enhances concrete’s compression

load-bearing capacity.

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 The three important S’s of Structural design – Strength, Stability and Serviceability
 Other Considerations – Economy & Aesthetics.

 The different phases of a construction project are –

 Planning Phase
 Design Phase
• Selection of appropriate structural system
• Estimation of loads on the structure
• Structural Analysis
• Structural Design
• Submission of Working Drawings
 Construction Phase

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 Any structure is made up of two elements
 Structural Elements
 Non-Structural Elements

 The structural elements put together constitute the structural system. Its function is to
resist effectively the action of environmental and gravitational loads, and to transmit the
resulting forces to the supporting ground, without significantly disturbing the geometry,
integrity and serviceability of the structure.

 We will separate the structural system into two load transmission mechanisms, viz.,
gravity load resisting system and lateral load resisting system and understand with the
example of the structural system of a simple building (residential, institutional or
commercial use).

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 The (horizontal) floor system resists the gravity loads acting on it and transmits these to the
vertical framing system.

 Floor also serves as a horizontal diaphragm connecting together and stiffening the various
vertical frame elements.

 Under the lateral loads the floor diaphragm behaves rigidly and effectively distributes the
lateral load effects to the various vertical frame elements.

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 Floor slabs are supported on load-bearing walls (masonry).
 Adopted in low-rise buildings.
 Slab action may be one-way or two-way.
 Partial fixity of slab at support induces hogging moments near support.

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 Floor slabs are supported on
beams instead of walls.

 Also referred to as the framed

system.

 Commonly adopted in high rise

building system.

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 Slab is very thin and beams are very slender and closely spaced.
 Ribs may be designed one-way or two-way and are generally cast-in-situ, although precast
construction is also possible.
 Generally are used in large-span construction.

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 Floor slab is placed directly on the columns without the presence of stiffening beams.
 Amongst all the floor systems it has the highest dead load per unit area.

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Lateral load effects are predominant in tall buildings
and govern the selection of the appropriate lateral
load resisting system.

 Frames resist lateral loads due to the rigidity of

beam-column connections and the moment-
resisting capacities of the individual members.

 In ‘flat slab’ system, a certain width of slab, along

the column line, takes place of the beam in ‘frame
action’.

 Frames are used as sole lateral load-resisting

system in buildings with up to 15 to 20 stories.

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 Shear walls are the solid concrete walls, which
usually extend over the full height of the
building.

 These are very stiff and they resist loads by

bending like vertical cantilevers, fixed at the
base.

 These are commonly located at the lift/staircase

core region and are generally considered in
building up to about 40 stories.

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 Tubes are the systems in which closely-spaced columns
are located along the periphery of a building. Deep
beams, located on the exterior surface connect these
columns.

 System behaves like a perforated box or framed tube

with high flexural rigidity against lateral loads.

 Tube systems are suitable to resist lateral loads upto 60-

70 stories.

 When the outer framed tube is combined with an

‘inner tube’, the system is called a tube-in-tube which is
found satisfactory upto 80-85 stories.

 When the building comprises of several perforated

tubular cells, the system is called a bundled tube.

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 The loads to be considered for structural design
are specified in the following loading standards: -
 IS 875 (Parts 1-5) : 1987 – Code of practice for
design loads (other than earthquake) for
buildings and structures (second revision)
• Part 1: Dead Loads
• Part 2: Imposed (live) Loads
• Part 3: Wind Loads
• Part 4: Snow Loads
• Part 5: Special loads and load
combinations
 IS 1893: 2002 – Criteria for earthquake resistant
design of structures – Part 1: General provisions
and Buildings (fourth revision)

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 The purpose of analysis is to determine the stress resultants and displacements in the various
members of a structure under any loading (static or dynamic).

 The purpose of design is to provide adequate member sixes, reinforcement and connection details,
so as to enable the structure to withstand safely the calculated load effects.

 In order to perform analysis, the proportions of the various structural elements should be known in
advance; for this, a preliminary design is generally required. Thus, in practice, analysis and design
are interactive processes.

 IS 456: 2000 – Plain and Reinforced concrete – Code of practice (fourth revision) is followed for RCC
design

 STAAD Pro., ETABS, ANSYS etc. are the analysis and design software available and widely used for
structural design.

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 Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate to be used for making concrete are brought to
room temperature (27 ± 3˚C) before commencing the test.

 Concrete is mixed and filled in moulds of 150mm cube and stored for 24 ± ½ hour from the
addition of water. After this specimen is removed from mould and kept in water until taken
out just prior to test.

 At least three specimens, from separate batch are tested at selected age (7 day and 28 day)
in compression testing machine.

 The average of the three values is taken as the compressive strength of concrete of the
batch, provided the individual variation is not more than ± 15% of the average.

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Characteristic Strength of concrete : It is defined as
the strength of material below which not more than
5% of the test results are expected to fall.

Grade of concrete: Concrete is graded on the basis of

its characteristic compressive strength of 15cm size
cube at 28 days and expressed in N/mm2 . The grades
are designated by one letter M (‘mix’) and a number
from 10 to 80 indicating the characteristic
compressive strength (fck) in N/mm2 .
Thus, for example, M20 grade concrete denotes a
concrete whose mix is so designed as to generate a
characteristic strength of 20MPa.

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 Cracking Sulphate Deterioration Segregation

Honey-combing Bleeding Chloride Attack

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 It is a high quality concrete of required grade produced
under strictly controlled conditions in a centralized
automatic batching plant and supplies to the customer
in a transit mixer truck for its placement at site.

 Due to better quality controlled measures adopted,

RMC can be considered to be almost a factory-made
product, yet it is not.

 RMC is extremely useful on congested sites or in road

construction where limited space is available for
aggregate stock piling and mixing plant.

 Admixtures are required to extend the setting time and

retention of specified strength of ready mix concrete.

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