BASIC RESEARCH:
BASIC RESEARCH IS MOSTLY CONDUCTED TO
ENHANCE KNOWLEDGE
EXPERIMENT IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF BASIC
RESEARCH.
APPLIED RESEARCH
ONE-TO-ONE INTERVIEW
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH (IMMERSION)
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
CONDUCTED TO EXPLORE THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND
MAY OR MAY NOT OFFER A FINAL CONCLUSION TO THE
RESEARCH CONDUCTED
EXAMPLE
A RESEARCH CONDUCTED TO KNOW THE LEVEL OF CUSTOMER
SATISFACTION AMONG THE PATRONS OF A RESTAURANT.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Research Highly
Unstructured Structured
approach used structured
PRELIMINARIES
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1-THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND
RATIONALE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (CHAP 2 IN SOME
INSTITUTIONS)
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS (CONCRETE/OPERATIONAL)
DEFINITION OF VARIABLES
CONCRETE- UNIVERSAL DEFINITION
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
RESEARCHERS OWN DEFINTION OF TERMS AS USED IN
HIS/HER STUDY
1. IDENTIFYING A RESEARCHABLE TOPIC
2. TRANSLATING THE RESEARCHABLE TOPIC INTO
• A TITLE
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (OR RESEARCH OBJECTIVES) AND
HYPOTHESIS(ES) AS NEEDED
• CONSTRUCTING THE CORRESPONDING FRAMEWORK
THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL/ANALYTICAL)
3. WRITING THE FIRST CHAPTER (INTRODUCTION / THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND)
PROBLEM STATEMENT
A CONCISE DESCRIPTION OF AN ISSUE TO BE
ADDRESSED OR A CONDITION TO BE IMPROVED
UPON. IT IDENTIFIES THE GAP BETWEEN THE
CURRENT (PROBLEM) STATE AND DESIRED (GOAL)
STATE OF A PROCESS OR PRODUCT.
FIVE W’S
HYPOTHESIS
A HYPOTHESIS IS A TENTATIVE STATEMENT ABOUT
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR
MORE VARIABLES. IT IS A SPECIFIC, TESTABLE
PREDICTION ABOUT WHAT YOU EXPECT TO
HAPPEN IN A STUDY.
TYPE OF HYPOTHESIS
1. ENVIRONMENT
2. ON LITERATURE
3. ON OTHER EMPIRICAL DATA
4. PERSONAL EXPERIENCES
EXAMPLES
1. IF I REPLACE A BATTERY IN MY CAR, THEN MY CAR WILL
GET BETTER GAS MILEAGE.
2. IF I EAT MORE VEGETABLES, THEN I WILL LOSE WEIGHT
FASTER.
3. IF MY BOYFRIEND LOVES ME, THEN HE WILL NOT
CHEAT ON ME.
VARIABLES
A VARIABLE IS DEFINED AS ANYTHING THAT HAS A QUANTITY
OR QUALITY THAT VARIES
3 TYPES OF VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: THIS VARIABLE IS THE ONE THAT IS
MANIPULATED OR CHANGED BY THE SCIENTIST
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OBSERVED OR MEASURED IN THE
EXPERIMENT
CONTROL VARIABLE/CONSTANT VARIABLE: REMAINS THE
SAME
TRY IT!
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
ON THE HEALTH OF DIAGNOSTIC
RADIOGRAPHERS WORKING IN SELECTED
HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS IN NUEVA VIZCAYA
AND ISABELA AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 2–REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
& STUDIES
RELATED LITERATURE
RELATED STUDIES
SYNTHESIS
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
POPULATION AND SAMPLING
RESEARCH TOOLS
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
TREATMENT OF DATA (STATISTICS)
RESEARCH DESIGNS
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN SEEKS TO DESCRIBE THE CURRENT STATUS
OF A VARIABLE OR PHENOMENON. THE RESEARCHER DOES NOT
BEGIN WITH A HYPOTHESIS, BUT TYPICALLY DEVELOPS ONE
AFTER THE DATA IS COLLECTED.
CORRELATIONAL DESIGN EXPLORES THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN VARIABLES USING STATISTICAL ANALYSES. HOWEVER, IT
DOES NOT LOOK FOR CAUSE AND EFFECT AND THEREFORE, IS
ALSO MOSTLY OBSERVATIONAL IN TERMS OF DATA COLLECTION.
RESEARCH DESIGN
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE)
SEEKS TO ESTABLISH A CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS (TRUE EXPERIMENTATION) USE
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO ESTABLISH CAUSE-EFFECT
RELATIONSHIP AMONG A GROUP OF VARIABLES IN A
SAMPLE
SAMPLE IS A GROUP OF PEOPLE, OBJECTS, OR ITEMS THAT
ARE TAKEN FROM A LARGER POPULATION FOR
MEASUREMENT. THE SAMPLE SHOULD BE REPRESENTATIVE OF
THE POPULATION TO ENSURE THAT WE CAN GENERALISE THE
FINDINGS FROM THE RESEARCH SAMPLE TO THE
POPULATION AS A WHOLE.
TYPES OF SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE SAMPLE
THE RESEARCH POPULATION IS CHOSEN OUT OF
CONVENIENCE FROM A POPULATION FOR OBSERVATION
PURPOSEFUL SAMPLE
A SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM INFORMATION RICH CASES FOR
IN-DEPTH STUDY. THE SIZE AND SPECIFIC CASES DEPEND ON
THE STUDY PURPOSE
TYPES OF SAMPLING
JUDGEMENT SAMPLE – THE RESEARCH POPULATION IS OBTAINED
ACCORDING TO THE DISCRETION OF SOMEONE WHO IS
FAMILIAR WITH THE RESEARCH POPULATIONS RELEVANT
CHARACTERISTICS
THE RANDOM SAMPLE – A SAMPLE CHOSEN AT RANDOM FROM
THE RESEARCH POPULATION USING A RECOGNISED METHOD
RESEARCH TOOLS
ANYTHING THAT BECOMES A MEANS OF COLLECTING
INFORMATION FOR YOUR STUDY IS CALLED
A RESEARCH TOOL OR A RESEARCH INSTRUMENT.
FOR EXAMPLE, OBSERVATION FORMS, INTERVIEW
SCHEDULES, QUESTIONNAIRES, AND INTERVIEW
GUIDES ARE ALL CLASSIFIED AS RESEARCH TOOLS
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(PARTS/SECTIONS: ACCORDING TO
THE ORDER OF THE OBJECTIVES OF
THE STUDY OR STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM)
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. IDENTIFYING A RESEARCHABLE TOPIC
2. TRANSLATING THE RESEARCHABLE TOPIC INTO
• A TITLE
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (OR RESEARCH OBJECTIVES) AND
HYPOTHESIS(ES) AS NEEDED
• CONSTRUCTING THE CORRESPONDING FRAMEWORK
THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL/ANALYTICAL)
3. WRITING THE FIRST CHAPTER (INTRODUCTION / THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND)
THEORY
A THEORY IS A SYSTEM USED TO ORDER CONCEPTS INTO A
COHERENT FRAMEWORK OF CONTRIBUTING ELEMENTS AND
THEIR INTERRELATIONS
A. DESCRIPTIVE
B. HISTORICAL
C. EXPERIMENTAL
D. UNCONTROLLED
10. WHAT IS THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN APPLIED
AND BASIC RESEARCH?
A. BASIC RESEARCH TAKES LONGER TO COMPLETE
B. APPLIED RESEARCH IS LESS IMPORTANT
C. BASIC RESEARCH IS MORE TRADITIONAL
D. BASIC RESEARCH HAS NO IMMEDIATE APPLICATION
11. SAMANTHA IS INTERESTED IN STUDYING THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER DIFFERENCES AND
VERBAL ABILITY. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT TYPE OF
RESEARCH?
A. DESCRIPTIVE
B. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
C. CORRELATIONAL
D. GENDER RESEARCH
12. WHEN VARIABLES COMPETE TO EXPLAIN THE SAME
EFFECTS, WHAT ARE THEY SOMETIMES CALLED?
A. CONTRADICTORY
B. INTERTWINING
C. CONFOUNDING
D. INTERDEPENDENT
13. IN A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE AMOUNT TV
VIEWING ON CHILDREN’S AGGRESSIVENESS, AMOUNT OF
TV VIEWING WOULD BE WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE?
A. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
B. DEPENDENT VARIABLE
C. CONTROL VARIABLE
D. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
14. FACTORIAL DESIGNS ARE EXPERIMENTS THAT CAN
BEST BE DEFINED BY WHICH OF THESE STATEMENTS?
A. HAVE ONE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
B. HAVE ONE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
C. HAVE MORE THAN ONE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
D. ARE TESTED ON MATH PROBLEMS
15. WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE HAS AN UNPREDICTABLE
IMPACT ON THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE?
A. WILD VARIABLE
B. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
C. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
D. MODERATOR VARIABLE
16. THE NULL HYPOTHESIS REPRESENTS WHICH OF THE
FOLLOWING STATEMENTS?
A. NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIABLES UNDER STUDY
B. A POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT AND
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
C. A NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT
AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES
D. A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VARIABLES UNDER STUDY
17. WHICH TYPE OF STUDY MAY NOT HAVE AN IMPLIED
NULL HYPOTHESIS?
A. CORRELATIONAL
B. DESCRIPTIVE
C. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
D. EXPERIMENTAL
18. OUR JOB AS RESEARCHERS IS TO ELIMINATE
___________ AS A FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GROUPS.
A. CHANCE
B. CHANGE
C. THE HYPOTHESIS
D. AN AVERAGE SCORE
19.WHAT DOES A GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION USUALLY
PURSUE?
A. A SMALL PART OF A BROAD TOPIC
B. A TOPIC UNRELATED TO ANY OTHER TOPICS
C. THE SAME THING AS THE NULL HYPOTHESIS
D. A BROAD TOPIC
20. THE INTERPRETATION OF “DIFFERENCES ARE
SIGNIFICANT” MEANS THAT THE DIFFERENCES FOUND
ARE_________________.
A. PROBABLY NOT DUE TO CHANCE
B. DUE TO CHANCE
C. CREATIVE OUTCOMES
D. NOT DICTATED BY THE HYPOTHESIS
21. THERE WILL BE NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CHILDREN'S TIME IN DAY CARE AND LATER ACADEMIC
ACHIEVEMENT. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH OF THE
FOLLOWING?
A. A RESEARCH QUESTION
B. A FACTORIAL DESIGN
C. A CORRELATION
D. A NULL HYPOTHESIS
22. THE SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL REPORTED IN A RESEARCH STUDY
CAN BE EXPLAINED BY WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
A. IMPORTANCE OF THE RESULTS TO THE BENEFIT OF
SOCIETY
B. A STATISTICAL METHOD
C. RISK ASSOCIATED WITH NOT BEING 100% CONFIDENT
THE DIFFERENCE IS DUE TO THE TREATMENT
D. IMPORTANCE OF THE RESULTS TO THE BENEFIT OF AN
INDIVIDUAL
23. WHAT IS THE TERM OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE
RANDOM VARIABILITY INTRODUCED INTO EVERY STUDY AS A
FUNCTION OF THE GROUP OF SUBJECTS PARTICIPATING, AS
WELL AS MANY OTHER UNFORESEEN FACTORS?
A. SYSTEMATIC ERROR
B. NON-NORMALITY
C. BIASED SAMPLING
D. CHANCE
24. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A CHARACTERISTIC
OF A WELL-WRITTEN RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS?
A. ASKS A PERTINENT QUESTION
B. BASED ON RESEARCHER’S INSTINCT
C. SHOULD BE LONG AND DETAILED
D. IS TESTABLE
25. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A GOOD WAY TO
FIND A RESEARCH TOPIC?
A. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
B. GETTING AN IDEA FROM YOUR ADVISOR
C. LOOKING FOR THE NEXT STEP IN THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE
26. WHICH SOURCE SHOULD NOT BE CITED IN A FORMAL
ACADEMIC LITERATURE REVIEW?
A. NEWSWEEK
B. REVIEW OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
C. HANDBOOK OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
D. JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL FINANCE
27. WHAT IS BASIC RESEARCH?
A. RESEARCH THAT IS NOT YET ADVANCED
B. RESEARCH THAT DEALS WITH SIMPLE QUESTIONS
C. RESEARCH THAT IS NOT APPLIED TO A SPECIFIC
SOCIAL PROBLEM
D. RESEARCH THAT IS BASICALLY SIMILAR THAT WHAT
HAS COME BEFORE
28. A RESEARCHER WORKING ON DISCOVERING HOW TO
IMPROVE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ TEST SCORES
WOULD BE MOST LIKELY CHARACTERIZED AS
CONDUCTING _____.
A. BASIC RESEARCH
B. APPLIED RESEARCH
C. OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH
D. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
29. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE MOST
IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THEORY TO A WORKING
SCIENTIST?
A. INTERNAL COHERENCE
B. ECONOMY
C. PREDICTIVE
D. FERTILITY
30. IN A STUDY, WHY IS AN OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
IMPORTANT?
A. IT SPECIFIES HOW A VARIABLE IS MEASURED
B. T TESTS THE ECONOMY OF A THEORY
C. IT CALCULATES THE STRENGTH AND DEGREE OF
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES
D. IT ASSISTS IN THE DEBRIEFING PROCESS
31. WHY DO RESEARCHERS USE DECEPTION?
A. THEY HAVE NO ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
B. THEY THINK DECEPTION IS INHERENTLY INTERESTING
C. THEY DON’T THINK STUDY PARTICIPANTS WILL CARE
ONE WAY OR ANOTHER
D. THEY WORRY THAT PARTICIPANTS WILL NOT BEHAVE
NATURALLY IF THEY KNOW THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
32. THE GROUP OF PEOPLE IDENTIFIED IN THE RESEARCH
QUESTION OR HYPOTHESIS IS CALLED THE _____.
A. SAMPLE
B. SURVEY
C. POPULATION
D. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
33. A RESEARCHER LOOKS FOR THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN STUDENTS’ STANDARDIZED TEST SCORES AND
THEIR HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN A PARTICULAR CITY. HER
DATA CAN BE DESCRIBED AS _____.
A. QUANTITATIVE
B. QUALITATIVE
C. EXPERIMENTAL
D. OBSERVATIONAL
34. DESCRIPTION OF BEHAVIOR IN REALISTIC CONTEXTS
IS THE GOAL OF _____.
A. OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH
B. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
C. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
D. ONLINE RESEARCH
35. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE IN NATURALISTIC
OBSERVATION?
A. THE RESEARCHER IS A PARTICIPANT IN THE OBSERVED
GROUP
B. THE RESEARCHER IS AS UNOBTRUSIVE AS POSSIBLE
C. THE RESEARCHER IS CLEARLY VISIBLE TO THE
PARTICIPANTS
D. THE RESEARCHER IS LOOKING FOR CAUSES OF SOCIAL
36. WHICH IF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A BENEFIT OF
OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH?
A. SEEING BEHAVIOR IN ITS FULL CONTEXT
B. DOCUMENTING BEHAVIOR THAT WOULD NOT
NORMALLY BE PART OF THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
C. ABILITY TO MAINTAIN CAREFUL CONTROL
D. OBSERVE EVENTS THAT COULD NOT BE RECREATED IN
A LABORATORY FOR REASONS OF ETHICS OR SAFETY
37. WHICH OF THE RESEARCH METHODS DESCRIBED IN THE
TEXT POSES THE GREATEST RISK OF INVADING
PARTICIPANTS’ PRIVACY?
A. OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH
B. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
C. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
D. ONLINE RESEARCH
38. ARCHIVAL RESEARCH IS THE STUDY OF WHICH OF THE
FOLLOWING:
A. BEHAVIOR IN NATURAL CONTEXTS
B. INFLUENCE OF AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLE ON A
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
C. ALREADY-EXISTING RECORDS
D. THE WAY THAT OTHERS INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOR
39. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SURVEY TOPICS
WOULD BE MOST PRONE TO BEING AFFECTED BY THE
SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS?
A. FAVOURABLE/UNFAVOURABLE VIEWS ABOUT
PARTICULAR POLITICAL CANDIDATES
B. INTEREST IN SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES
C. FREQUENCY OF EXERCISE
D. AVERAGE MINUTES SPENT IN COMMUTING
40. CORRELATIONS ARE USED FOR PREDICTION. IN THIS
CASE, WHAT DOES PREDICTION MEAN?
A. BEING ABLE TO ESTIMATE THE VALUE OF ONE VARIABLE,
KNOWING THE VALUE OF ANOTHER
B. ESTIMATING WHAT WILL HAPPEN ON ONE VARIABLE IN
THE FUTURE
C. ESTIMATING HOW THE RESULTS WILL CAUSE A THEORY
TO BE RE EVALUATED
D. ESTIMATING THE DEGREE OF CAUSE-AND-EFFECT
41. KENDRA'S STUDY FOCUSES ON THE ROLE OF
CHILDHOOD INFORMAL SPORT IN JAPANESE, RUSSIAN,
AND AMERICAN CULTURE. HER WORK MIGHT BEST BE
CATEGORIZED AS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?
A. CASE STUDY.
B. ETHOLOGY.
C. PHENOMENOLOGY.
D. ETHNOLOGY.