Biodiversity was first defined as

taxonomic diversity- the number of

species. More recently, biodiversity has
been broadened to include biological
and geographic entities such as genetic
diversity, taxonomic diversity and
biogeographic diversity. USU, (2019)
 Philippines, a country known to be
hosting diverse number of species of
both flora and fauna, is considered
nowadays undergoing a rapid increase
in state of endangerment and threats to
its species composition/diversity. The
issue of fungal diversity, its extent and
conservation, has attracted more
attention in the last 10 to 15 years than in
any period of history (Hawksworth, 2004).
 Such changes in weather conditions
affects both the macro and micro- level
of species, particularly does species that
their survival is very crucial in an unstable
environmental conditions and which
their adaptive mechanisms are slow or
unable to keep up into such changes.
Fungi, though lesser in size compared to
other organisms such as trees or large in
built vertebrates, are one of those
species that is affected to sudden
changes of environmental conditions. .
Recent research suggests that fungal
biodiversity is much higher than previously
thought. USU, (2019)
 145 different species of microfungi have
been found in very small samples of fresh
and decayed leaves from the forest floor or
tropical rainforest.
 29,000 microfungi have been estimated to
occur in United States, while in macrofungi
has been estimated to range from 5,000 to
10,000 species. USU, (2019)
 Earth’s biodiversity is rapidly decreasing
in response to pollution and habitat
destruction as forests are logged, prairies
converted to subdivisions, and wet lands
drained for development.
 The 1991 Red list for the former Federal
Republic of Germany, for instance, lists
1,037 species of threatened larger fungi.
A Classical method in Diversity Assessment:
 Transect- based Method. This method is
applied to determine how populations vary
along environmental gradient and for the
purpose of identifying dispersion patterns.
 Opportunistic Method. This method involve
collection of fungi along trails that are not
found within the established subplots, this
method is rapid and convenient, however it
has the tendency to overlook other fungi
species in inconspicuous habitat.
 R=1.262m
10 m
. . .

5m 5m 5m
 1. Planning and
preparation of
the materials
used for
measuring the
fungal diversity
for each group.

2. Setting up the
plot 10x15
5. Analyzed the
meter area
collected
boundary in
each group

4. Collect all the 3. Measured the

necessary data radius of every 5
relevant for meters in the set
determining the up plot of 10x15
fungal diversity m
Data collected can be used to measure
Diversity Indices like the Shannon- Wiener
diversity index (H’), Evenness (E) of the
species and Simpson Diversity Index (D).
SHANNON DIVERSITY INDEX
EQUATION: H’ = -∑ pi x ln(pi)
Where pi (relative abundance) is equal to
ni/N
EVENNESS
EQUATION: E = H’
ln (R)
Where H’ is the Shannon wiener Index- range from values 0
to 6 and R is the species richness also equivalent to s (the
number of species found in the given area).

SIMPSONS INDEX DIVERSITY

EQUATION: D = ∑ni (ni-1)

N(N-1)
Where n is the total number of organisms of a particular
species and N is the total number of all organism of all
species.
ni is the number of individual in species i
N is the Total number of individuals in all species
H’ is the Shannon wiener Index
R is the species richness also equivalent to s (the number of
species found in the given area).
n is the total number of organisms of a particular species
D is Simpson diversity and also dominance measure
S is the number of species
Ln is the normal logarithm
p1 is the proportion of individuals in each species.
Proportional abundance is obtained by dividing the
density, biomass, or number of plots in which the organism
was observed by the total density, biomass, or
observations.
 SPECIES Density(ni) pi lnpi pilnpi (-pilnpi)
Agaricus 5 0.238095 -1.43508 -0.34169 0.341687
Coprinus 4 0.190476 -1.65823 -0.31585 0.315853
Lactarius 3 0.142857 -1.94591 -0.27799 0.277987
Marasmius 4 0.190476 -1.65823 -0.31585 0.315853
Russula 5 0.238095 -1.43508 -0.34169 0.341687
TOTALS 21 1 -8.13254 -1.59307 1.593067
 ni(ni-
SPECIES Ni ni-1 ni(ni-1) N N-1 N(N-1) 1)/N(N-1)
Agaricus 5 4 20 21 20 420 0.047619
Coprinus 4 3 12 21 20 420 0.028571
Lactarius 3 2 6 21 20 420 0.014286
Marasmius 4 3 12 21 20 420 0.028571
Russula 5 4 20 21 20 420 0.047619
Totals 21 16 70 105 100 2100 0.166667
Relative Values Shannon (H’)Index Evenness (E)
(Richness)
Very High 3.5 and above 0.75 - 1.00
High 3.0 – 3.49 0.50 – 0.74
Moderate 2.5 – 2.99 0.25 – 0.49
Low 2.0 – 2.49 0.15 – 0.24
Very low 1.9 and below 0.05 – 0.14

Ranking of Biodiversity Indices

Fungi are important organisms that serve many vital
functions in forest ecosystem including
decomposition, nutrient cycling, symbiotic
relationships with trees and other plants, biological
control of other fungi, and as the casual agents of
diseases in plants and animals.

Diversity indices. To assess the diversity of the fungal

species such as Shannon- Wiener and Simpsons was
used and then analyzed. This two indices gives the
level of the distribution of individuals among the
species in the area and how abundant the species
are in the area being studied.
The Fernando Biodiversity Scale was used as
value parameter to identify the relative
values of the H’ value. On the other hand,
using the Simpson diversity (D) the Evenness
and Dominance can be computed
complimentarily. D is a measure of
dominance, so as D increases, diversity (in
the sense of evenness) decreases.

Fungi Substrate. The fungus grows on different

substrate wherein they absorbed its
substrates nutrients and used it as its food.
 The presence or absence of fungal
species is a useful indicator to assess the
damage or the maturity of an ecosystem.
Data on the diversity in different vegetation
type is important for planning and
managing ecosystem biodiversity. Diversity
indices compares Dominance of single
species under different environmental
condition or in same Ecosystem, it can also
measure relative abundance of each
species from total number of individual,
species richness, and evenness.
Anderson N, A. et al. (2011). Field Guide to
Common Macrofungi in Eastern Forests and
Their Ecosystem Functions. Newtown Square
Pa 19073. USDA Forest Service.
Biodiversity/Herbarium/USU(2019)
(https://herbarium.usu.edu
Jobard, M., Rasconi, S. & Sime-Ngando, T.
(2010) – Diversity and functions of
microscopicfungi
Magurran, A.E. 2004. Measuring Biological
Diversity. Blackwell.
www.academia.edu