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NURSING AS A PROFESSION

BY JEELANI SAIMA
DEFINITION OF NURSING

“The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual,


sick or well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health, its recovery, or to a peaceful death
that the client would perform unaided if he had the necessary
strength, will, or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to
help the client gain independence as rapidly as possible.”

Virginia Henderson
International Council of Nurses, 1973
NURSING THEORISTS
THEORIST GOAL FRAMEWORK

OREM To care for and help client Self-Care Deficit Theory.


attain total self-care. Nursing care becomes
(1971) necessary when client is
unable to fulfill their
needs.

ROGERS To maintain and promote “Unitary man” evolves along


health, prevent illness, and life process. Client
(1970) care for and rehabilitate ill continuously changes and
and disabled client through coexists with environment.
“humanistic science of
nursing.”

LEININGER To provide care consistent Transcultural Care Theory


with nursing’s emerging is the central and unifying
(1978) science and knowledge with domain for nursing
caring as central focus. knowledge and practice.
Florence Nightingale

“The act of utilizing the


environment of the patient to
assist him in his recovery"
(Nightingale, 1860). Nightingale
considered a clean, well-ventilated,
and quite environment essential for
recovery.
Recipients of Nursing
• The Recipients of Nursing
are sometimes called
consumers, sometimes
patients, and sometimes
clients.
A consumer is an individual, a
group of people, or a community
that uses a service or community.
People who use health care
products or services are consumers
of health care.
A patient is a person who is waiting
for or undergoing medical
treatment and care. The word
patient comes from a Latin word
meaning "to suffer" or "to bear".
Traditionally, the person receiving
health care has been called a
patient.
A client is a person who engages the
advice or services of another who is
qualified to provide this service. The
term client presents the receivers of
health care as collaborators in the
care, that is, as people who are also
responsible for their own health.
NURSE – originated from a Latin word
NUTRIX, to nourish.
The Aims of Nursing

The aim of Nursing is to:-


• Maintain and promote wellness and prevent
illness.
• Reduce stress.
• Provide comfort to the client during
diseases process.
The Aims of Nursing…cont

Provide service to individual , families and


societies.
Work independently with other health
workers assisting the client to gain
independence as quickly as possible.
Develop interaction between nurse and
client.
Characteristics of Nursing:
Nursing is caring.

Nursing involves close personal contact with the recipient of care.

Nursing is concerned with services that take humans into account


as physiological, psychological, and sociological organisms.

Nursing is committed to promoting individual, family, community,


and national health goals in its best manner possible.

Nursing is committed to personalized services for all persons


without regard to color, creed, social or economic status.

Nursing is committed to involvement in ethical, legal, and political


issues in the delivery of health care.
Nature of Nursing
Nursing is a profession as opposed to occupation,
Intellectual (as opposed to physical)
• Body of knowledge through research
• Practical as well as theoretical
• Highly specialized professional education
• Strong internal organization of members.

Nursing is:
A Science
A practice
An art
Scope of Nursing
Nurses provide care for three types of
clients: individuals, families, and
communities. Nursing practice
involves four areas: promoting health
and wellness, preventing illness,
restoring health, and care of the dying.
Promoting Health and
Wellness
Wellness is a state of well-
being. It means engaging in
attitudes and behavior that
enhance the quality of life
and maximize personal
potential.
Nurses promote wellness in
clients who are both healthy
and ill. This may involve
individual and community
activities to enhance healthy
lifestyles,
such as improving nutrition
and physical fitness,
preventing drug and alcohol
misuse, restricting smoking,
and preventing accidents and
injury in the home and
workplace.
Preventing Illness
The goal of illness preventing
programs is to maintain optimal
health by preventing disease.
Nursing activities that prevent
illness include immunizations,
prenatal and infant care, and
prevention of sexually transmitted
disease.
Restoring Health
focuses on the ill client and it
extends from early detection of
disease through helping the
client during the recovery
period .
Nursing Activities
Include the following;
• Providing direct care to the ill person,
such as administering medications, baths,
and specific procedures and treatments.
• Performing diagnostic and assessment
procedures, such as measuring blood
pressure and examining feces for occult
blood.
Consulting with other health care
professionals about client
problems.
Teaching clients about recovery
activities, such as exercises that
will accelerate recovery after a
stroke.
Rehabilitating clients to their
optimal functional level
following physical or mental
illness, injury, or chemical
addiction.
Care of the Dying
This area of nursing practice involves
comforting and caring for people
of all ages who are dying. it
includes helping clients live as
comfortably as possible until death
and helping support person cope with
death.
EDUATIONAL PREPARATION

ASSOCIATE DEGREE
DIPLOMA
BACCALAUREATE
GRADUATE NURSING
CONTINUING EDUCATION
IN-SERVICE EDUCATION
LPN/LVN
PRACTICE SETTING

HOSPITALS, SKILLED NURSING


RESTORATIVE SETTINGS
COMMUNITY BASED:
1. HEALTH CENTERS
2. SCHOOLS
3. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
4. HOME HEALTH
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE
NURSE

CAREGIVER
CLINICAL DECISION MAKER
PATIENT ADVOCATE
CASE MANAGER
REHABILITATOR
COMFORTER
COMMUNICATOR
TEACHER
Caregiver
Caregiver encompasses the physical,
psychosocial, developmental,
cultural, and spiritual levels. The
nursing process provides nurses
with a framework for providing
care. a nurse may provide care
directly or delegate it to other
caregivers.
Communicator
Communication is integral to all
nursing roles. Nurses
communicate with the client,
support persons, other health
professionals, and people in the
community.
Teacher
As a teacher, the nurse
helps clients learn about
their health and the health
care procedures they need to
perform to restore or
maintain their health.
Client advocate
A client advocate acts to protect the
client. In this role the nurse may
represent the client's needs and wishes to
other health professionals, such as
relaying the client's wishes for
information to the physician. They also
assist clients in exercising their rights
and help them speak up for themselves.
Counselor
Counseling is the process of helping a
client to recognize and cope with stressful
psychological or social problems, to
develop improved interpersonal
relationships, and to promote personal
growth. It involves providing emotional,
intellectual, and psychological support.
Changing agent
The nurse acts as a change agent
when assisting others, that is, clients, to
make modifications in their own
behavior. Nurses also often act to make
changes in a system, such as clinical
care, if it is not helping a client return to
health. Nurses are continually dealing
with change in the health care system.
Leader
A leader influences others to work
together to accomplish a specific
goal. The leader role can be
employed at different levels:
individual client, family, groups of
clients, colleagues, or the
community.
Manager
The nurse manages the nursing
care of individuals, families, and
communities. The nurse manager
also delegates nursing activities to
other nurses, and supervises and
evaluates their performance.
Managing requires knowledge
about organizational structure
and dynamics, authority and
accountability, leadership,
delegation and supervision and
evaluation.
Case manager

Nurses case managers work with


the multidisciplinary health care
team to measure the effectiveness
of the case management plan and
to monitor outcomes. Each agency
or unit specifies the role of the
nurse case manager.
Research consumer

Nurses often use research


to improve client care. In
a clinical area, nurses
need to:
Awareness of the process and
language of research.
Be sensitive to rights of human
subjects.
Identification of significant
researchable problems.
Be a discriminating consumer
of research findings.
EXPANDED CAREER ROLES
NURSE EDUCATOR
ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSE
-CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST
-NURSE PRACTITIONER
- NURSE RESEARCHER
-CERTIFIED NURSE MIDWIFE
-NURSE ANESTHETIST
-ADMINISTRATOR
-NURSE SCIENTIST
*all of which allow greater independence and
PROFESSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
PROFESSION

EDUCATION
BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
SERVICE
AUTONOMY
CODE OF ETHICS
PROFESSIONAL ETIQUETTE'S OF NURSES

Etiquette is a code of good manners that a


nurse should follow.
The nurse is an important member of the
health team that must work in co-operation
and harmony for the care of the sick.
For a smooth functioning and a good
interpersonal relationship, a nurse should
follow certain essential good manners:
PROFESSIONAL ETIQUETTE'S OF NURSES

You should be courteous to all. Be gentle and


polite in your talk.
You should greet your seniors, co-workers,
your patients etc with appropriate words and
according to the time of the day.
you should address the seniors with proper title
e.g Sir, Madam, Sister, Mister, Miss etc.
Stand up when people of higher rank enter
your room.
Stand up when answering questions in the class
room.
PROFESSIONAL ETIQUETTE'S OF NURSES
Open the door for the seniors and stand aside
for them to pass.
Excuse yourself when overtaking a senior
person.
Maintain silence wherever and whenever
necessary.
Keep your dress neat and tidy.
While on duty never use any form of jewellery
that may interfere with work.
Obey seniors without arguing.
Help the seniors to carry a heavy load if you
PROFESSIONAL ETIQUETTE'S OF NURSES
Say "Thank you" when some one is doing a
favour for you.
Do not delay your answers to the questions.
Give the answers immediately and
appropriately.
Be punctual.
Keep eye contact and sit face to face when
listening to someone.
Never let others secret go out of you.
Do not cover the mouth while talking to others.
Excuse yourself before you interfere with
CODE OF ETHICS
American Nurses Association

1. The nurse provides services with respect for human dignity and the
uniqueness of the client unrestricted by considerations of social or
economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems.
2. The nurse safeguards the client’s right to privacy by judiciously
protecting information of a confidential nature.
3. The nurse acts to safeguard the client and the public when health
care and safety are affected by the incompetent, unethical, or illegal
practice of any person.
4. The nurse assumes responsibility and accountability for individual
nursing judgments and actions.
5. The nurse maintains competence in nursing.
CODE OF ETHICS
American Nurses Association

6. The nurse exercises informed judgment and uses individual


competence and qualifications as criteria in seeking consultation,
accepting responsibilities, and delegating nursing activities to others.
7. The nurse participates in activities that contribute to the ongoing
development of the profession’s body of knowledge.
8. The nurse participates in the profession’s efforts to implement and
improve standards of nursing.
9. The nurse participates in the profession’s efforts to establish and
maintain conditions of employment conducive to high-quality nursing
care.
10. The nurse participates in the profession’s effort to protect the
public from misinformation and misrepresentation and to maintain the
integrity of nursing.
11. The nurse collaborates with members of the health professions and
other citizens in promoting community and national efforts to meet the
health needs of the public.
LEVELS OF PREVENTIVE
CARE

PRIMARY PREVENTION
Health Promotion
Specific Protection
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Early Dx and Prompt Tx
Disability Limitations
TERTIARY PREVENTION
Restoration & Rehabilitation

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