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- When a car travels around an unbanked curve, static friction provides the necessary centripetal force. On a banked curve, the normal force component toward the center acts as the centripetal force.
- The figure shows a car traveling around a frictionless banked curve. The normal force has a component along the radius that provides the centripetal force required for uniform circular motion.
- For a given speed, the centripetal force can be obtained from the normal force by banking the curve at an angle dependent on the radius but independent of the vehicle's mass.
- When a car travels around an unbanked curve, static friction provides the necessary centripetal force. On a banked curve, the normal force component toward the center acts as the centripetal force.
- The figure shows a car traveling around a frictionless banked curve. The normal force has a component along the radius that provides the centripetal force required for uniform circular motion.
- For a given speed, the centripetal force can be obtained from the normal force by banking the curve at an angle dependent on the radius but independent of the vehicle's mass.
- When a car travels around an unbanked curve, static friction provides the necessary centripetal force. On a banked curve, the normal force component toward the center acts as the centripetal force.
- The figure shows a car traveling around a frictionless banked curve. The normal force has a component along the radius that provides the centripetal force required for uniform circular motion.
- For a given speed, the centripetal force can be obtained from the normal force by banking the curve at an angle dependent on the radius but independent of the vehicle's mass.
frictional force between the tires and the road provides the centripetal force. The reliance on friction can be eliminated completely for a given speed, however, if the curve is banked at an angle relative to the horizontal, much in the same way that a plane is banked while making a turn. The figure shows a car going around a friction- free banked curve. The radius of the curve is r, where r is measured parallel to the horizontal and not to the slanted surface
Shows the normal force that the road applies to
the car, the normal force being perpendicular to the road. Because the roadbed makes an angle 𝜃 with respect to the horizontal, the normal force has a component FN sin 𝜃 that points toward the center C of the circle and provides the centripetal force: The vertical component of the normal force is FN cos 𝜃 and, since the car does not accelerate in the vertical direction, this component must balance the weight mg of the car. Therefore, FN cos 𝜃 = mg. Dividing this equation into the previous one shows that This equation indicates that, for a given speed v, the centripetal force needed for a turn of radius r can be obtained from the normal force by banking the turn at an angle 𝜃independent of the mass of the vehicle. Greater speeds and smaller radii require more steeply banked curves—that is, larger values of 𝜃. At a speed that is too small for a given 𝜃, a car would slide down a frictionless banked curve; at a speed that is too large, a car would slide off the top. EXAMPLE The Daytona 500 is the major event of the NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) season. It is held at the Daytona International Speedway in Daytona, Florida. The turns in this oval track have a maximum radius (at the top) of r = 316 m and are banked steeply, with 𝜃 = 31 ° (see Figure 5.10). Suppose these maximum-radius turns were frictionless. At what speed would the cars have to travel around them? Today there are many satellites in orbit about the earth. The ones in circular orbits are examples of uniform circular motion. Like a model airplane on a guideline, each satellite is kept on its circular path by a centripetal force. The gravitational pull of the earth provides the centripetal force and acts like an invisible guideline for the satellite. There is only one speed that a satellite can have if the satellite is to remain in an orbit with a fixed radius. Since the gravitational force is the only force acting on the satellite in the radial direction, it alone provides the centripetal force. Therefore, using Newton’s law of gravitation
where G is the universal gravitational constant, ME is the mass of the earth,
and r is the distance from the center of the earth to the satellite. Solving for the speed v of the satellite gives Example : Determine the speed of the Hubble Space Telescope orbiting at a height of 598 km above the earth’s surface. Reasoning : the orbital radius r must be determined relative to the center of the earth. Since the radius of the earth is approximately 6.38x106 m, and the height of the telescope above the earth’s surface is 0.598x106 m, the orbital radius is r = 6.98 x 106 m. Motorcycle stunt drivers perform a feat in which they drive their cycles around a vertical circular track. Usually, the speed varies in this stunt. When the speed of travel on a circular path changes from moment to moment, the motion is said to be non- uniform. There are four points on a vertical circle where the centripetal force can be identified easily. Keep in mind that the centripetal force is not a new and separate force of nature. Instead, at each point the centripetal force is the net sum of all the force components oriented along the radial direction, and it points toward the center of the circle.
The drawing shows only the
weight of the cycle plus rider (magnitude = mg) and the normal force pushing on the cycle (magnitude=FN). The magnitude of the centripetal force at each of the four points is given as follows in terms of mg and FN: Rotational Motion In the simplest kind of rotation, points on a rigid object move on circular paths. In the Figure, for example, we see the circular paths for points A, B, and C on a spinning skater. The centers of all such circular paths define a line, called the axis of rotation. The angle through which a rigid object rotates about a fixed axis is called the angular displacement
When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis, the
angular displacement is the angle ∆𝜃 swept out by a line passing through any point on the body and intersecting the axis of rotation perpendicularly. By convention, the angular displacement is positive if it is counterclockwise and negative if it is clockwise.
SI Unit of Angular Displacement: radian (rad)*
The picture focuses attention on a point P on the disc. This point starts out on the stationary reference line, so that 𝜃𝑜 = 0 rad, and the angular displacement is ∆𝜃 = 𝜃 − 𝜃𝑜 =𝜃 = 0. As the disc rotates, the point traces out an arc of length s, which is measured along a circle of radius r. the equation defines the angle 𝜃 in radians To convert between degrees and radians, it is only necessary to remember that the arc length of an entire circle of radius r is the circumference 2𝜋r. Therefore, the number of radians that corresponds to 360°, or one revolution, is
Since 2 𝜋 rad corresponds to 360°, the number of degrees in one radian is
Synchronous or “stationary” communications satellites are put into an orbit whose radius is r = 4.23 x 107 m. The orbit is in the plane of the equator, and two adjacent satellites have an angular separation of 𝜃 = 2.00°, as . Find the arc length s (see the drawing) that separates the satellites. Angular Velocity • We now introduce the idea of angular velocity to describe the motion of a rigid object rotating about a fixed axis. The average angular velocity 𝜔 (Greek letter omega) is defined as the angular displacement ∆𝜃 = 𝜃 − 𝜃𝑜 divided by the elapsed time ∆t during which the displacement occurs.
SI Unit of Angular Velocity: radian per second (rad/s)
The SI unit for angular velocity is the radian per second (rad/s), although other units such as revolutions per minute (rev/min or rpm) are also used. In agreement with the sign convention adopted for angular displacement, angular velocity is positive when the rotation is counterclockwise and negative when it is clockwise. A gymnast on a high bar swings through two revolutions in a time of 1.90 s. Find the average angular velocity (in rad/s) of the gymnast. Reasoning: The average angular velocity of the gymnast in rad/s is the angular displacement in radians divided by the elapsed time. However, the angular displacement is given as two revolutions, so we begin by converting this value into radian measure. Angular Acceleration In linear motion, a changing velocity means that an acceleration is occurring. Such is also the case in rotational motion; a changing angular velocity means that an angular acceleration is occurring. There are many examples of angular acceleration. For instance, as a compact disc recording is played, the disc turns with an angular velocity that is continually decreasing. And when the push buttons of an electric blender are changed from a lower setting to a higher setting, the angular velocity of the blades increases. A jet awaiting clearance for take off is momentarily stopped on the runway. As seen from the front of one engine, the fan blades are rotating with an angular velocity of - 110 rad/s, where the negative sign indicates a clockwise rotation. As the plane takes off, the angular velocity of the blades reaches - 330 rad/s in a time of 14 s. Find the angular acceleration, assuming it to be constant. Reasoning: Since the angular acceleration is constant, it is equal to the average angular acceleration. The average acceleration is the change in the angular velocity, 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑜 divided by the elapsed time, t - 𝑡𝑜
Thus, the magnitude of the angular velocity increases by 16 rad/s during each second that the blades are accelerating. The negative sign in the answer indicates that the direction of the angular acceleration is also in the clockwise direction.