Chapter 1

Introduction

Dr. Benjamin A. Dillena Jr.

Statistics
• Statistics is a science that deals with collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.
• Statistics is fundamentally concerned with the
understanding of structures of data. Methods
range from simple to a more systematic
procedures in describing and summarizing data.
These methods enable us to develop a way of
thinking.
Statistics
This helps us:
 Describe or characterized person, objects,
situation and phenomena with some reliability.
 Make statement and comparison in an objective
manner.
 Make evidence-based decisions.
Steps in Statistical Investigation
1. Identification of the problem.
2. Collection of Data it refers to the different
methods and techniques of gathering the data.
3. Presentation of Data it refers to the
tabulation and organization of data in tables,
graphs and chart.
4. Analysis of Data it is the process of deriving
relevant information from the gathered data
through the different statistical tools.
5. Interpretation of Data it refers to the task of
drawing conclusions or inferences from the
analyzed data.
Population and Sample
• Universe – is the set of all entities under study.

• Population – is the set of complete collection or

totality of all possible values of the variables.
Examples:
• Total number of enrollees from a certain
university.
• Collection of all books in the library.
• The whole number of registered nurses.
Population and Sample
• Sample – a subset or sub collection of elements
drawn from a population. It refers to the
proportion of a population.
Examples:
• A television survey uses a sample of 1,500
newly graduates teachers.
• A doctor conducts an interview to 10 dengue
victims from a local Barangay with 100
dengue cases.
Division of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
This division of statistics summarizes or describes
the important characteristics of a given set of data.
Examples:
• The average body temperature of 100 people
is 36.78 C
• The deviation of scores of all examinees from
the recent board for teachers is 5
• The monthly income of a teachers in the
Philippines is P15,000.00
Division of Statistics
Inferential Statistics
This division of statistics aims to give information
about the population by studying the
characteristics of the sample drawn from it.
Example:
• To determine if 1000 units of cell phone is of
good quality, the quality control department
considered 100 units of it. If these particular
numbers of cell phones has good quality
then the entire 1000 units are also of good
quality.
Data, Variable, & Parameter
• Data
It refers to any information concerning to a
population or sample.

• Variable
It is the attribute of interest observable of each
entity in the universe.

• Parameter
These are numerical measures that describe the
population of interest.
Categories of Data
A. Qualitative Data
- uses categories or attributes that are
distinguished by some nonnumeric
characteristics.
Examples:
Sex
Religion
Race
Responses such as “Yes” or “No”
Color of the skin
Categories of Data
B. Quantitative Data
- consists of numbers representing counts or
measurements.
Examples:
Weights
Heights
Temperature
Scores
Number of enrollees
Length of the table
Classification of Variables
A. According to Source

Primary Data – refer to information which is

gathered directly from the original source.
Example:
– Information that is gathered by an
interviewer from an interviewee, data that is
written by an applicant to his bio data, and
news that is reported by a field reporter.
Classification of Variables
A. According to Source

Secondary Data – refer to information which is

taken from a secondary source.
Example:
– Information or data that is taken from
newspaper, published or unpublished book,
thesis or dissertation etc.
Classification of Variables
B. According to Functional Relationship

Independent data
It refers to any controlling data.
This is sometimes termed as predictor variable.

Dependent Data
This is any data that is affected by the
controlling data.
This is sometimes called the criterion variable.
Classification of Variables
C. According to Continuity of Values

Discrete Data
- It is a quantitative data which can assume a
finite or countable number of values.
- It cannot be represented by fractions or
decimal numbers but by any whole number
only.
Examples:
Scores, number of enrollees, number of table,
number of body temperatures recorded, and
number of schools.
Classification of Variables
C. According to Continuity of Values

Continuous Data
- quantitative data which can assume an
infinity of many possible values
corresponding to the points on a line interval.
Examples:
Temperature, heights, weights, length of the
tables, size of a classroom and blood
pressure.
Classification of Variables
D. According to Scale of Measurement

Nominal Data
- data that consists of names, labels or
categories only commonly used number to
categorize data.
Examples:
Gender : M – Male F – Female
Religion : 0 – Catholic 1 – INC
2 – Islam 3 – Aglipayan
Responses : 0 – Yes 1 – No
Classification of Variables
D. According to Scale of Measurement

Ordinal Data
- measurements which deal with order or rank,
provides information about relative
comparison but the degrees of difference are
not available.
Examples:
In a sample of 15 computers, 7 were rated as
“good” 5 were rated as “better” and 3 were
rated as “best”.
Classification of Variables
D. According to Scale of Measurement

Interval Data
- similar with ordinal but this level of
measurement does not only show likeness or
differences between data, likewise it gives
meaningful amounts of differences between
data. It does not have a “true- zero” starting
point, instead it is arbitrarily assigned.
Examples:
Age Bracket: 18 – 24 years old
Classification of Variables
D. According to Scale of Measurement

Ratio
- a modified interval level to include the
starting point “zero”. The quality of ratio or
proportion is meaningful.
Examples:
Time, rate of change in production, height,
weight, volume, area, density, velocity etc.