Atom comes from the Greek word atomos, which means something
invisible and cannot be cut or divided.
Protons
Is a positively charged
+ +
subatomic particle forming part
of the nucleus of an atom and
_
determining the atomic number
of an element. It weighs 1 amu.
Electrons
It contribute greatly to the atom’s
charge, as each electron has a
negative charge equal to the _
positive charge of a proton. It is
located in shells that surround an
atom’s nucleus.
Nucleus + +
Is the central part of an
atom, which is composed of
protons and neutrons and
contains most of an atom’s _
mass.
Democritus
(460 BC – 37 BC)
Greek philosopher
Atomic History
Democritus’ Atomic
Model
John Dalton
(1766 - 1844)
His Theory:
That atoms are indivisible spheres that
are neither created nor destroyed.
Sea of
_
electron Discovered that the electrons
positive
charge _ were placed randomly in a
_ positive matrix.
_
_
_ Came up with the plum pudding
_ model
Plum Pudding _
Atomic Model
Ernest Rutherford
(1871 – 1937)
His Theory:
All the positive charges were
concentrated in the nucleus.
The negatively charged
electrons revolved around the
nucleus.
Came up with the planetary
model or nuclear model of
atom.
Niels Bohr
(1885 – 1962)
His Theory:
An atom is made up of protons, which are
concentrated in the nucleus
English Physicist
Discovered neutron in 1932
Discovery of neutron (mass = 1.67493 x 10-24
g) explained the mass problem of many
atoms.
Nobel Prize in Physics 1935
His Theory:
Neutrons have no electrical charge.
proton Neutrons have a mass nearly equal
to the mass of a proton.
neutron Unit of measurement for subatomic
particles is the atomic mass unit
(amu).
nucleus
electron
Atoms of the same element having
different mass numbers and are
Isotopes
therefore found in the same
position in the periodic table.
Are different versions of an
element.
Are radioactive when they emit
radiation (radioisotopes)
Types of Radiation
• Particle radiation
- refers to alpha and beta
particles, protons, and neutrons
given off by isotopes.
• Electromagnetic radiation
- refers to gamma rays and
X-rays emitted by isotopes.
Electron Orbitals
Is a probability function that describes where electrons may be
found.
Are not orbits rather they are electron density clouds which
describe the highest probability distribution of electrons.
Four types of orbitals: s, p, d, and f
Example Na
(2,8,1) and
K (2,8,8,1)
are both in
Group 1
End
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