Sistem Biologi
Sangat memerlukan keadaan ISOTERMIK dan
menggunakan ENERGI KIMIA dan pH NETRAL untuk
menyelenggarakan proses hidup.
Kecuali: lambung, bakteria tertentu
Karena itu
Sumber energi yang tepat diperlukan sel untuk
menjalankan proses normal.
Bagaimana organisme memperoleh energi dari
makanan?
Hukum Termodinamika I
Total Energi suatu sistem termasuk lingkungannya
tetap (konstan).
B
∆G (+) artinya reaksi dapat terjadi bila ada tambahan
energi bebas
= ENDERGONIK
P
Proses glikolisis
Siklus asam sitrat
Proses fosforilasi oksidatif
Heksokinase
ATP Glukosa
EKSERGONIK ENDERGONIK
Glu.-6P
ADP
Enzim adenilil kinase (miokinase) mengkatalisis reaksi
perubahan berikut
adenilil kinase
ATP + AMP 2 ADP
OKSIDASI BIOLOGI
Reaksi oksidasi akan disertai dengan reaksi reduksi.
OKSIDASE
Enzim ini mengkatalisis pemindahan hidrogen dari
substrat dan menggunakan oksigen sebagai penerima
hidrogen, membentuk air (H2O) atau H2O2.
AH2 + ½ O2 A + H2O atau
AH2 + 1 O2 A + H2O2
Contoh oksidase
Cytochrome oxidase:
suatu hemoprotein, tdp pd rantai respirasi
mitokondria, enzim dapat dihambat oleh CO, -CN,
Hidrogen Sulfida
L-amino acid oxidase:
suatu flavoprotein enzim mengandung FMN atau
FAD sebagai gugus prostetik
ditemukan di ginjal spesifik untuk deaminasi
oksidatif L-amino acid
Xanthine oxidase
mengandung molibdenum, berfungsi mengubah
basa purin menjadi asam urat
Cytochrome oxidase
L-amino acid oxidase
Xanthin oxidase berperan pada vascular dysregulation
DEHIDROGENASE
Cytochrome/ sitokrom:
- adalah protein yang mengandung Fe terosilasi antara
Fe3+ dan Fe2+ selama oksidasi-reduksi.
- pengecualian adl cyt oksidase
Digolongkan menjadi 2
Katalase
Peroksidase
Peroksidase:
Terdapat di susu , lekosit, trombosit dan jaringan
membentuk senyawa eikosanoid
Gugus prostetik : protoheme
Hidrogen oeroksida direduksi menggunakan beberapa
senyawa yg berperan sbg penerima elektron.
Reaksi GSH-peroksidase
Penerima elektron dari senyawa radikal:
askorbat, quinon, sitokrom c , vit E, flavonoid/
polifenol.
katalase
Reaksi: 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
Terdapat 2 macam
dioksigenase dan mono oksigenase
Dioksigenase: A + O2 AO2
kDa Polypeptides
NADH dehydrogenase (or)
Complex I 800 25
NADH-coenzyme Q reductase
Succinate dehydrogenase (or)
Complex II 140 4
Succinate-coenzyme Q reductase
Complex III Cytochrome C - coenzyme Q oxidoreductase 250 9-10
Complex IV Cytochrome oxidase 170 13
Complex V ATP synthase 380 12-14
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chemistry of Complex V
• Nitric oxide (NO -•) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2 -•) are
nitrogen radicals, but the term ROS also
encompasses certain non-radicals such as nitrous
acid (HNO2) and peroxynitrate (ONOO -•).
SOURCHES of FREE RADICALS
SUMBER RADIKAL BEBAS
• Rantai pernapasan
• Xanthin oxidase
• NADPH oxidase, contoh makrofag
• Reaksi pembentukan sorbitol dari glukosa
• AGE rx
Antioxidants
Glutathione is the most abundant antioxidant in the
network. It is produced by the body from three amino
acids found in food - glutamic acid, cysteine, and
glycine.
Glutathione is found in virtually every cell and is an
important weapon against free radicals.
However, when we reach the age of 40, our production
of glutathione begins to decline.
It can drop by almost 20% by the time we are sixty.
• Free radicals are involved with both the onset and the
progression of heart disease. Heart disease begins
early in life with oxidation of LDL (low
density lipoproteins) often known as ‘bad cholestrol’.
• The process can take many years but if an artery becomes
clogged with plaque made up of cholesterol and calcium and
other mineral deposits,
the result can be a sudden loss of blood and oxygen to the
heart (heart attack)
FREE RADICALs
carbonyl
malondialdehyde carbonyl
Human Diseases Associated With Oxidative
Stress?
•Free radicals such as hydroxyl radical (OH -•) and nitric oxide
(NO -•) are directly cytotoxic.
• Free radicals can attack fatty acid side chains of intracellular membranes
and lipoproteins. A chain reaction known as lipid peroxidation ensues.
• Free radicals perform many critical functions in our bodies in controlling the flow of blood
through our arteries, to fighting infection, to keeping our brains alert and in focus.
Phagocytic cells involved in body defence produce and mobilized oxygen free radicals to
destroy the bacteria and other cells of foreign matter which they ingest
• Similar to antioxidants, some free radicals at low levels are signalling molecules, –
ie they are responsible for turning on and off genes.
• In addition, the next time you adjust the medications of your heart
failure patient, discuss smoking cessation, or research current
approaches for your patient with rheumatoid arthritis, you may find
knowledge of free radical formation and antioxidants quite helpful.