Foundation Engineering CIVE422: Pile Foundations

Foundation Engineering
CIVE422
Pile Foundations
Riad Al Wardany, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor
Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

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What Are Piles?
1. .. • Piles = structural members made of
2. .. steel, concrete or timber.
• Piles are used to build deep foundations
when shallow foundations do not
provide enough safety to carry the
structure.
• Cost of pile foundation > cost of shallow
foundation.
• Typical depth = 15 m below the ground
surface, but can be much longer (e.g. 45
m).
• Offshore oil structures use pile
foundations.
• Piles transfer load to stronger and
deeper layer (bedrock). When bedrock
is not encountered, the load is gradually
transmitted to the soil by friction.

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Pile Foundation
1. ..
2. ..
• Piles are used when:
1. Upper soil layer/s are highly compressible and weak to
support the high load of the structure.
2. A large lateral load capacity is required + the vertical load
from the structure (case of earth retaining structures,
foundations of tall buildings that are subjected to high
wind or earthquake loads).
3. Soil is collapsible and/or expansive (soil swells as
moisture content increases and shrinks when moisture
content decreases).
4. The foundation is subjected to uplifting forces.
5. Soil erosion is expected at the surface (case of bridge
piers).
6. The foundation must penetrate through water (e.g. piers).

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Pile Foundation
1. ..
2. ..

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Pile Foundation
1. ..
2. ..

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Types of Piles
1. ..
2. .. • Piles can be divided into:
1. Steel piles.
2. Concrete piles.
3. Wooden (timber) piles.
4. Composite piles.

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Types of Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Steel Piles
1. ..
2. ..
• Steel piles = pipe piles (open or closed end) or H-
or I-section piles (H is usually preferred).
• In many cases the pipe piles are filled with
concrete after they have been driven into the soil.

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Steel H-Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Steel H-Piles: Toe Protection
1. ..
2. ..

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Steel Piles: Mandrel-Driven
1. ..
2. ..

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Steel Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Steel Piles
1. ..
2. ..
Q design  Q all
For either tension
or compression

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Steel Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Steel Piles
1. ..
2. .. Stress in the
steel pile
during the
driving
process
should be
limited to 0.9fy
to decrease
the risk of
getting
damaged.

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Concrete Piles
1. .. • Two main categories:
2. ..
 Precast piles (square and octagonal shape).
 Cast-in-place piles (circular shape).
• Precast piles can be:
 Reinforced concrete [reinforcement to resist bending caused
by a) lateral forces and/or b) handling operations].
 Presteressed concrete: steel cables are pretensioned then
concrete is poured; after curing, the cables are cut producing
compressive force on the pile section  higher resistance for
buckling and bending.

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Concrete Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Concrete Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Concrete Piles: Prestressed
1. ..
2. ..

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Concrete Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Concrete Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Concrete Piles
1. .. • Cast-in-place piles: a hole is made in the ground and then
2. ..
filled with concrete.
• Divided into two categories:
 Cased piles:
 made by driving a steel casing into the ground with the
help of a mandrel placed inside the casing. At the desired
depth, the mandrel is withdrawn and the casing is filled
with concrete.
 Pedestals at the bottom of the pile can be formed by
dropping a hammer on the fresh concrete.
 Uncased piles:
 made by first driving the casing to the desired depth and
then filling it with fresh concrete. The casing is then
gradually withdrawn.

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Concrete Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Concrete Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Concrete Piles
1. ..
2. ..
The steel of the

case

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Concrete Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Composite Piles: Concrete-H Pile
1. ..
2. ..

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Composite Piles: Pipe-H Pile
1. ..
2. ..

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Composite Piles: Pipe-Concrete Pile
1. ..
2. ..

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Timber Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Timber Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimating Pile Length
1. ..
2. .. • Depending on their lengths and the
mechanisms of load transfer to the soil,
piles can be divided into:
1. Point bearing piles.
2. Friction piles.
3. Compaction piles.

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1. .. • Point
2. ..
bearing
piles:
a layer
of rock
or
rock-
like soil
should
be
present
at a
reaso-
nable
depth.

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1. .. • Friction piles: no layer of rock or rock-like material is present
2. ..
at a reasonable depth.
• In this case, point bearing piles become very long and
uneconomical.
• Resistance is developed by skin friction and adhesion (in
clayey soils).
• The length of a friction pile is determined by the shear
strength of the soil, the applied load and the pile diameter.
• However, a good knowledge of the soil properties, its
interaction with the pile and experience are necessary for
the foundation engineer to successfully design the pile.

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1. .. • Compaction piles:
2. ..
• They are relatively short piles driven in granular soils to
achieve proper compaction of the soil close to the ground
surface.
• The length of compaction piles depends on: the relative
density of the soil before compaction, the desired relative
density after compaction and the required depth of
compaction.

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Installation of Piles
1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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Load Transfer Mechanism
1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. .. • Frictional resistance per unit area of the pile:
2. ..

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1. .. • To understand the mechanism, let us gradually increase the load
2. ..
at the ground surface:
• The experiments have shown that the frictional resistance will
increase as we increase the load until reaching its maximum value.
• If we continue to increase the load, the settlement will continue to
increase.
• When the relative displacement between the soil and the pile is
about 5 to 10 mm (regardless the pile size and length) the pile
shaft will be fully mobilized (the majority of the part of resistance
due to friction is lost).
• If we continue increasing the load on the pile, the majority of the
load now will be resisted by the point resistance at the tip of the
pile.
• When movement of the pile reaches 10 % (driven piles) to 25 %
(bored piles) of its diameter the maximum point resistance Q2 = Qp
will be mobilized.

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1. ..  Qs is developed at a
2. ..
much smaller pile
displacement compared
with the point resistance
Qp .
 skin friction is
mobilized faster at low
settlement levels as
compared to the point
load.
*Note that the failure will
be a bearing capacity
failure cause by Qp
(punching mode).

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Estimation of Pile Capacity
1. ..
2. ..

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1. .. 1. Point bearing capacity, Qp:
2. ..
• Similarly to the BC general equation of shallow foundations, the
ultimate resistance per unit area developed at the tip of a pile:
0, because D is
relatively small
where D = width or diameter of the pile.
 q’ instead of q to
represent the effective
vertical stress

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1. .. • Therefore, the point bearing capacity of the pile is:
2. ..

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1. .. 2. Frictional resistance, Qs:
2. ..
Good estimation of Qp and Qs is required.

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1. .. • Allowable load, Qall:
2. ..

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Estimation of Qp
1. .. • Meyerhof’s method:
2. ..
Min( , )

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. .. Nq* is also given by this
table

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qp
1. .. • Vesic’s method:
2. ..
Don’t use this relation to get

Nσ*; you need rather to use
table 11.7. This equation is
Eq. 11.15  just to show the relation
between Vesic and
Meyerhof’s equations.

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..
volumetric

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qp
1. .. • Ir can also be determined from CPT:
2. ..
Recall:

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..
Min ( , 300)

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qp
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qp from SPT and CPT
1. ..
2. ..
Min ( , )

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..
Example 11.3

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Estimation of Qp for Piles Resting on
Rock
1. ..
2. ..
rock
Determined by lab tests. Problem = scale effect, i.e. the larger

the diameter of the specimen the lower its compression strength
(due to existence of cracks and fractures). Therefore it is
recommended to use:
and
at least = 3
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Rock
1. ..
2. ..

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Rock
1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qs in Sand
1. ..
2. .. Unit frictional resistance, hard to estimate

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1. ..
2. .. 
varies between 0.5ɸ’ to 0.8ɸ’

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
K can be given by the figure below:
2. ..

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Estimation of Qs in Sand from SPT
1. ..
Such as wood piles,
2. ..
concrete piles and
closed-ended pipe piles

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Estimation of Qs in Sand from SPT
1. ..
2. ..
Such as H-beams and to

some extent open-ended
pipe piles
For high- or low-displacement driven piles

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Estimation of Qs in Sand from CPT
1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..
Example 11.4

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qs in Clay
1. ..
2. ..
i.e. saturated
clay

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. .. ??

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1. ..
2. ..
Σc u(i) l i
cu 
L
' ΣA i
o 
L

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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Estimation of Qs in Clay from CPT
1. ..
2. ..
Saturated clay, ɸ =0

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Estimation of Qs in Clay from CPT
1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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Pile Load Test
1. ..
2. .. • Pile load tests
are conducted in
most large
projects (field
test  higher
accuracy and Steep
reliability). linear
portion
• Vertical and
lateral bearing
capacities can
be tested.
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Pile Load Test
1. .. • The load is added at different steps (Qi); each step = ¼ the
2. ..
working load; the total load added should be equal twice the
working load. This procedure is called the load-controlled
test.

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Pile Load Test
1. .. • The graph of net settlement can be used to determine the
2. ..
ultimate load capacity of the pile Qu = load corresponding to
the point where the curve of Q versus snet becomes vertical
or the starting point of a steep linear portion of the curve
(most common).
• But how to determine accurately this point?

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Pile Load Test
1. ..
2. ..
Point of intersection of the

straight line su = aQu + b
su
= aQu + b

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Pile Load Test
1. ..
2. ..

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Elastic Settlement of Piles
1. ..
Total settlement of pile supporting load Qu
2. ..

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1. ..
Elastic settlement (= contraction of
2. ..
the pile it self being compressed by
Qu)
Service
Parameter that represents the nature of distribution of the

frictional resistance along the length of the pile

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1. ..
Settlement (downward movement) of
2. ..
the pile caused by the load carried by
the pile point

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1. ..
Another method to estimate se(2) was proposed by Vesic (1977):
2. ..

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1. ..
Settlement (downward movement)
2. ..
of the pile caused by the load
carried by the pile shaft

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1. ..
Another method to estimate se(3) was proposed by Vesic (1977):
2. ..
Table 11.13 in slide 108

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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Laterally Loaded Piles
1. ..
2. ..
• Piles do not transmit lateral loads as efficiently as
axial loads.
• When lateral loads are present, they often dictate
the required foundation diameter  it is usually
most efficient to begin the design process by
addressing the lateral load capacity.

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1. ..
2. ..
• Laterally loaded piles can be divided into:
1. Short or rigid piles.
2. Long or elastic piles.

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1. ..
2. .. • Two solutions (structural) are available to
determine moment, shear and
displacement along laterally loaded piles:
1. Elastic solution.
2. Ultimate load solution.

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1. ..
2. ..
1. Elastic solution: a) for laterally loaded piles in
granular soils

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..
Subgrade
modulus for
granular soils
= kz/z
Depth

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..
1. Elastic solution: a) for laterally loaded piles in
cohesive soils
Subgrade modulus assumed to be

constant with depth in cohesive soils

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..
2. Ultimate load method (Broms’s method):
This method assumes a) shear failure in soil
for short laterally loaded piles, and b) bending
of the pile for long laterally loaded piles.
Broms’s solution (determination of the

ultimate lateral load resistance Qu(g)) for short
piles is given in Figure 11.31 next slide.

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. .. where:

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1. ..
2. ..
Broms’s solution (determination of the
ultimate lateral load resistance Qu(g)) for long
piles is given in Figure 11.32.
For sand

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1. ..
2. .. For clay

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1. ..
2. .. where: Yield or ultimate moment
S = moment
of inertia /
distance of
the extreme
compressive
fibre from the
neutral axis

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1. ..
2. ..
The deflection of the pile head (xz, z = 0) under
working load conditions (service) is given in
figure 11.33. For sand

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1. ..
2. .. For clay

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..
See slide 128

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1. ..
2. ..

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Pile Driving Considerations
1. ..
2. .. • “Driveability analysis” should be conducted
by the foundation engineer to determine if
the proposed piles can be driven into the
soil using typical construction equipment
and techniques without overstressing the
pile and without damaging it  based on
this analysis the engineer will be able to
estimate the hammer size and driving
details.

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1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. ..



For concrete piles
For steel piles
For concrete piles

For steel piles

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Pile Groups
1. .. • In many cases a group of piles
2. ..
is needed to transfer the
structural load to the soil.
• A pile cap (either in contact
with the soil, or above the
ground such as in offshore
platforms) is constructed over
the pile group.
• Piles in a group should be
spaced at least 2.5D (center to
center spacing); reasonable Stresses
spacing values about 3D to transmitted by
3.5D may be used. the piles
overlap  this
• The behavior of pile groups
reduces the BC
is still not fully understood.
of the piles.

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Pile Groups
1. .. • Failure modes: two, depending on
2. ..
the spacing between the piles.

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Pile Groups
1. .. • Efficiency:
2. ..

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Pile Groups
1. ..
2. ..
i.e.

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Pile Groups
1. ..
2. ..

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Pile Groups
1. ..
2. ..

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Pile Groups
1. ..
2. ..

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Pile Groups
1. .. (saturated)
2. ..

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Pile Groups
1. ..
2. ..
The ultimate load bearing capacity of the pile group
can be estimated using the following steps:
This step assume individual behavior of the piles

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Pile Groups
1. ..
2. ..

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Pile Groups
1. ..
2. ..

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Elastic Settlement of Pile Groups
1. ..
2. ..

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1. ..
2. .. , Settlement from SPT:

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1. ..
2. .. Settlement from CPT:

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1. ..
2. ..

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Consolidation Settlement of Pile
Groups
1. ..
2. ..
z = 0 here

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Groups
1. ..
2. ..
The calculation Involves the following steps:

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Groups
1. ..
2. ..

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Groups
1. ..
2. ..
The relationships of Δsc(i) involving Δe(i) are given in Lec.3

(slides 111 and 112); or in chapter 1 textbook (page 38).

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Group of Piles Resting on Rock
1. ..
2. ..

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Foundation Engineering

Riad Al Wardany, Ph.D.

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

The steel of the

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Good estimation of Qp and Qs is required.

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Don’t use this relation to get

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany

Pile Foundations Dr. Riad Al Wardany