LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF CHILD ABUSE

PRESENTED BY
M.ALI HASSNAIN
HAMZA RIAZ
SYED M. AHMED
MUBEEN KHAN
HUNAIN RASOOL
AGENDA
• Introduction
• Types of child abuse
• Literature review
• Methodology and questionare
• Hypothesis
• Results and conclusion
• Discussion on the results and conclusion
INTRODUCTION
• What is child abuse?
• The World Health Organization (WHO) defines child abuse and child maltreatment as "all forms
of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or
commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child's health,
survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power.
• Every year more than 3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States.
• Studies show that one in four girls and one in eight boys are sexually abused before the age of 18,
and that approximately one in 20 children are physically abused each year.
• For many centuries the laws have failed to protect children from abuse and children under English
common law were known as the property of their fathers, as women were property of their
husbands, until the late 1800s.
• The first abused child found was believed to have been around 2000 years old and showed signs
of repeatedly broken bones and believed to have being shaken repeatedly.
TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE
Physical abuse
• Physical abuse includes striking, kicking, burning, biting, hair pulling, choking, throwing, shoving,
whipping or any other action that injures a child.
Physical abuse can result in
• Bruises, blisters, burns, cuts and scratches.
• Internal injuries, brain damage.
• Broken bones, sprains, dislocated joints.
• Emotional and psychological harm.
• Lifelong injury, death.
Signs of physical abuse in parent or caregiver
 Can’t explain injury of child, or explains it in a way that doesn’t make sense.
 Displays aggression to child.
 Indicates child is not trustworthy, a troublemaker.
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 Delays or prevents medical care for child.
 Takes child to different doctors or hospitals.
 Keeps child from school, social gatherings, and parties.
 Has history of violence and/or abuse
Signs of physical abuse in child
 Visible and severe injuries.
 Injuries at different stages of healing.
 On different surfaces of the body.
 Unexplained or explained in a way that doesn’t make sense.
 Aggression toward peers, pets, other animals.
 Seems afraid of parents or other adults.
 Fear, withdrawal, depression, anxiety.
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Emotional abuse
A pattern of denying a child love, approval and security, or mistreating a child in the way an adult
speaks to them or acts towards them. Bullying, yelling, isolating, criticizing, terrorizing,
ignoring and shaming are all types of emotional abuse.
Signs of emotional abuse in parent or caregiver.
• Routinely ignores, criticizes, yells at or blames child
• Plays favorites with one sibling over another
• Poor anger management or emotional self-regulation
• Stormy relationships with other adults, disrespect for authority
Signs of emotional abuse in a child
• Delays in development
• Speech disorders
• Health problems like ulcers, skin disorders
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• Obesity and weight fluctuation
• Learning disabilities and developmental delays
• Overly compliant or defensive
• Extreme emotions, aggression, withdrawal
• Anxieties, phobias, sleep disorders
Neglect
Child neglect is when a parent or caregiver does not give the care, supervision, affection and
support needed for a child’s health, safety and well-being. Neglecting can be either physical or
emotional.
Physical Neglect
Adults that care for children must provide clothing, food and drink. A child also needs safe, healthy
shelter, and adequate supervision.
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• Deserting a child or refusing to take custody of a child who is under your care
• Repeatedly leaving a child in another’s custody for days or weeks at a time
Emotional Neglect
Children require enough affection and attention to feel loved and supported. If a child shows signs
of psychological illness, it must be treated.
• Ignoring a child’s need for attention, affection and emotional support
• Exposing a child to extreme or frequent violence, especially domestic violence
• Permitting a child to use drugs, use alcohol, or engage in crime
Medical Neglect
Parents and caregivers must provide children with appropriate treatment for injuries and illness.
They must also provide basic preventive care to make sure their child stays safe and healthy.
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Educational Neglect
Parents and schools share responsibility for making sure children have access to opportunities for
academic success.
Signs of neglect in caretaker
• Displays indifference or lack of care toward the child
• Depression, apathy, drug/alcohol abuse and other mental health issues
• Denies problems with child or blames the child for problems
Signs of neglect in child
• Clothing that is the wrong size, in disrepair, dirty, or not right for the weather
• Often hungry, stockpiles food, seeks food, may even show signs of malnutrition (like
distended belly, protruding bones)
• Very low body weight, height for age
• Often tired, sleepy, listless
• Hygiene problems, body odor
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Sexual Abuse
Sexual abuse occurs when an adult uses a child for sexual purposes or involves a child in sexual
acts.
Signs of sexual abuse in parent or caregiver
• Parent fails to supervise child
• Unstable adult presence
• Jealous/possessive parent
Signs of sexual abuse in a child
• Withdrawn, depressed, anxious
• Eating disorders, preoccupation with body
• Aggression, delinquency, poor peer relationships
• Poor self-image, poor self-care, lack of confidence
• Sudden absenteeism, decline in school performance
LITERATURE REVIEW
Attachment Theory (John Bowlby)
In 1949, WHO commissioned Bowlby to write a report on the mental health of homeless children
in Europe. In 1951, the resulting work Maternal Care and Mental Health was published.
Attachment theory relates to how the relation of the parents and the kids effect the behavior of
the kids in their life.
• Secure: The securely attached child freely explores his/her surroundings and is easily
comforted.
• Preoccupied: Children with preoccupied attachments will move easily between their caregiver
and a stranger when looking for comfort but will simultaneously resist the comfort given.
• Dismissive: Children who experience dismissive attachments show distrust of the caregiver
and have an inability to be comforted.
• Fearful: This attachment pattern is characterized by erratic and confused behavior as the
child is unable to recognize which behaviors gain favorable attention from the caregiver.
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Social Learning Theory
Albert bandura developed this theory in 1977. Bandura conducted studies along with
his students known as Bodo doll experiments in 1961 and 1963 to find out why
children exhibit violent behaviors.
• We either learn by being rewarded for our actions (instrumental learning), or
• We observe and imitate the behavior of those around us (modeling).
Cycle of voilence or intergenerational transmission of violence.
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Ecological theory
Ecological systems theory was developed by urie bronfenner in1979. This theory is presented
in”The ecology of human development: experiment by nature and design”.
Ecological theory holds that abuse and neglect result from multiple factors. These are divided into
four systems: individual, family, community, and culture.
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Resilience Theory
Norman Garmez developed this theory.Historically, child abuse and neglect research and
interventions were grounded in the belief that inevitably the victim is damaged by the trauma.
Resiliency does not explain why abuse and neglect occur, rather, it explains why children may not
inevitably be damaged by child abuse and neglect. It may also explain how the “cycle of violence”
can be interrupted.
However, factors such as severity of abuse, frequency of abuse, age of the victim, and relationship
to the perpetrator can predict later adjustment.
METHODOLOGY
Objectives of Report
• To estimate the psychological effects which individuals with child abuse history have
experienced throughout their teenage and adulthood.
• To gain perspective into how child abuse can cause severe emotional ailments such as
suicidal thoughts, violence and criminal behavior.
Research Question
“What effect does child abuse have on the daily social and academic life of individuals?”
Type of Interaction
To ensure safe and anonymous interaction, questionnaire were filled by anonymous individuals
using Google Forms Platform.
Limitations of the Study
Study conducted using anonymous subjects may exhibit biased or non-serious behavior by some
individuals.
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Choice of Data Received
The questionnaires received back from subjects were filtered to include only the individuals
between ages 18 years to 27 years.
Reason behind is that this stage of life is when people start going to colleges, universities, get into
relationships and make career choices.
HYPOTHESIS
Victims of childhood abuse suffer more from depression and anxiety. Have trouble keeping
relationships. They experience negative emotions more often as they feel threatened and unsafe due to
abuse suffered at the hands of their protectors (guardians). They have low self-esteem issues and low
confidence due to lack of affection and appreciation and positive feedback during their growing age.
QUESTIONNAIRE: CHILD ABUSE EFFECTS IN LATER LIFE
• The questionnaire had 14 questions.
• All the questions were multiple choice questions.
• It had to submitted by a link of Google forms web page.
• The participants were kept anonymous by only questioning their age and gender and not their
name or name of the educational institute they are in.
RESULTS
In this research, there were 63 participants. 24 of which were female and 31 male. 8 of the
participants did not choose to answer.
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The range of age of the participants was between 16 to 27 years of age. Higher frequency was
seen in teens of 18 and 19, and participants of age 22.
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The results shows neglect to be the highest frequency abuse (50.8%, 31 participants)
Psychological abuse to be the second highest in frequency (45.9%, 24 participants).
Physical abuse was answered by 24 participants (39.3%).
Sexual abuse was answered by 16 participants (36.2%).
1 participant choose (1.6%).
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Intensity of abuse was answered in the following percentages mild 13.3%, moderate 40%, severe
23.3% and 23.3% extreme.
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Participants suffered in the academics as 42.6% replied in agreement, 27.9% said that they feel
this is the case, 11.5 % were neutral and 11.5% disagreed.
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Most participants (29.5%) agreed that it is difficult for them to trust someone in relationship
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Majority of the participants (36.1%) agreed that they constantly need approval and appreciation.
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CONCLUSION
• It is basic to expand open mindfulness and utilize the stages of support conveyed by the
common society in Pakistan to enhance the circumstance of child assurance in the nation.
• This report results shows that the element of Neglection comes first in child abuse cases
then comes the Psychological abuse and on third number is Physical abuse.
• With the usage of critical political and legitimate changes, the nation will upgrade the status
of the endeavors embraced for the advancement of youngster insurance framework.
• It is basic to incorporate the network in explaining this issue, as it requires the city to think
about their qualities and convictions and choose on the off chance that they are in truth
putting their youngsters in danger.
DISCUSSION
• An interdisciplinary exertion is required among all the establishments sharing obligation
regarding child assurance with the goal that the issue of abuse against children can be viably
tended to and the number and seriousness of cases can be diminished. Child welfare
agencies can only provide a part of the solution.
• Child Abuse must be viewed not only as an individual or a family problem but also as a
community issue requiring a community response.
• There are millions of cases reported each year in the developed countries that keep records
on it and undoubtedly millions more in others where child abuse reporting is not yet
institutionalized.
• . Much data and many international points of view need to be gathered and incorporated into
our thinking about this problem.
 Thank you

Any questions?