ENERGY CONSERVATION

(ESL 720)
Typical Structure of Power Supply
System
 Indian Power Sector
Installed Capacity Fuel MW % of Total
Total Thermal
(up to June, 2018) 2,22,693 64.80%

State Sector: 84,627 MW Coal

1,96,958 57.30%

Central Sector: 103,761 MW Gas

24,897 7.20%
Private Sector: 155,511 MW 838 0.20%
Oil
Hydro
45,403 13.20%
(Renewable)
Nuclear 6,780 2.00%
Source: Ministry of power RES* (MNRE) 69,022 20.10%
website Total 3,43,899
Introduction

Source:
GOI website
 Evolution of Indian Power Grid

2013 SE & Rest

of the grids.
2013 WR &ER- One
NER synchronous
2006 North & interconnection grid
eastern grid
1991 NE & ER connects
grid
interconnection
 Various Stake holders in Power Supply Chain
• Generation Companies : GENCOs
(Public, Private, State/Central Government)
• DISCOMS
Public, Private, State/Central Government)
• TRANSCOs
(State/Central Government)
• Independent System Operator (ISO), POSOCO
(Managing the National and Regional grid from National
Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC))
• Regulatory Authorities (CERC, SERC)
 Various Stake holders in Power Supply Chain
Central Government
Ministry of power
a Public Sector Enterprises
• NTPC, NHPC, NPC- Generating Companies.
• PTC- Trading Company
• POWERGRID- Transmission company.
b Undertakings owned by Central Government
• DVC, BBMB,
• Educational institutions NPTI, CPRI etc.
c Regulators : Autonomous.
• Appellate Tribunal for Electricity
• Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)
 Various Stake holders in Power Supply Chain
State Government
State Electricity Board
A Unbundled Utilities
– Minimum Generating Co, Transmission Co and Distribution Co
– For example,
AP has 4 DISCOMs, TRANSCO and GENCO
Rajasthan has 3 DISCOMs, TRANSCO and GENCO
MP unbundled in 3 DISCOMs, TRANSCO and GENCO
B State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC, 25 Nos)
– Members are appointed by state government. Autonomous
working.
C Independent Power Producers (IPPs)
– IPPs operate under Build-Own-Operate mode. No IPPs under central
government
Various Stake holders in Power Supply Chain
Various Stake holders in Power Supply Chain

Structure at Centre Level

Various Stake holders in Power Supply Chain

Structure at State Level

 Various Stake holders in Power Supply Chain
Transmission Infrastructure
• Powergrid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID), a
Central Transmission Utilities (CTU), is responsible for
planning inter-state transmission system (ISTS).
• Similarly there are State Transmission Utilities (STU) (namely
State Transco/ SEBs) responsible for the development of Intra
State Transmission System
• POWERGRID, as on 30th September 2017, owns & operates
around 1,42,989 ckm of Extra High Voltage (EHV)
transmission lines spread over the length and breadth of the
country and 226 EHV AC & HVDC Sub-stations with
transformation capacity of more than 3,11,185 MVA. Its vast
transmission network wheels more than 45% of the power in
the country. The lines are ± 800 kV HVDC & 765kV, 400 kV,
230/220 kV, 110 kV and 66kV AC lines (source: power grid
website)
 Various Stake holders in Power Supply Chain
Transmission Infrastructure
• Various electrical interconnections exist between India &
Bhutan, India & Nepal and India & Bangladesh.
• Implementation of the Renewable Energy Management
Centres (REMC) for managing the renewable generation
integration and operation is planned (Forecasting, Balancing
etc)
 Peak Demand Growth
India’s peak demand for power is expected to rise
from the current level of 161 GW to about 690 GW
by 2035-36, according to the Perspective
Transmission Plan of the Draft National Electricity
Plan prepared by the Central Electricity Authority
(CEA).
Electricity Demand

Source: CEA Reviews

Electricity consumption sector wise

CEA Reviews
Electricity consumption sector wise
Electricity consumption sector wise
Growth from 2001-2002 to 2014-2015
151% growth in total consumption was a result of 177%
growth in residential consumption, 241% rise in
commercial consumption, 148% growth in industrial
consumption, and 112% growth in agricultural
consumption.
 Why Energy Conservation?
• For one unit of power required, roughly 2.2 times
generation capacity required
• The primary energy demand in India has grown from about 450 million tons of oil
equivalent (toe) in 2000 to about 770 million toe in 2012. This is expected to
increase to about 1250 (estimated by International Energy Agency) to 1500
(estimated in the Integrated Energy Policy Report) million toe in 2030
AT &C Losses
In General Reasons of high T&D losses
 Generic Reasons of high T&D losses
Technical losses
 Inadequate Investments in T&D Infrastructure
 Tremendous/haphazard growth of T&D sector to
provide supply to new areas
 Large scale rural electrification through LT lines
 Many stages of transformation
 Improper load management
 Inadequate reactive compensation
 Poor quality of pumps used in agriculture pumping
in rural areas, coolers, air conditioners and Industrial
loads in Urban Areas
 Generic Reasons of high T&D losses
Commercial losses
 Making unauthorized extensions of loads.
 Tampering the meter readings by mechanical jerks,
placement of powerful magnets or disturbing the
disc rotation with foreign matters.
 Willful burning of meters.
 Changing the sequence of terminal wiring.
 Bypassing the meter.
 Changing C.T.ratio and reducing the recording.
 Errors in meter reading and recording.
 Improper testing and calibration of meters.
 Energy
Efficiency Design of
Transformers
Design Stage , Motors,
Acs, Lights
etc

Right
Operating
Operation Conditions
(Voltages,
Frequency etc)

System Level Demand side

Management management,
Reducing Unbalancing,
Distributed
Generation,
Smart Grids/Micro
Grids
 Policy Interventions for Energy Efficiency
Measures for India
 Energy Conservation (EC) Act enacted in 2001,

 Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) set up a Statuary Body in

2002 to implement EC Act

Features of EC Act 2001

 Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)

 Standards and Labeling (S &L)
 Demand Side Management (DSM)
 Bachat Lamp Yojana (BLY)
 Promoting EF in Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs)
 Designated Consumers : to get Energy Audit (EA) and
recommendations
 Certification of Energy Managers & Energy Motors
 Policy Interventions for Energy Efficiency
Measures for India
Amendments to EC Act 2001
 The Central Government may issue the energy savings certificate to
the designated consumer whose energy consumption is less than the
prescribed norms and standards in accordance with the procedure as
may be prescribed

 The designated consumer whose energy consumption is more than the

prescribed norms and standards shall be entitled to purchase the energy
savings certificate to comply with the prescribed norms and standards

 The Central Government may, in consultation with the Bureau,

prescribe the value of per metric ton of oil equivalent of energy
consumed
 Policy Interventions for Energy Efficiency
Measures for India
Amendments to EC Act 2001
 Commercial buildings which are having a connected load of 100 kW or
contract demand of 120 kVA and above come under the purview of
ECBC under EC Act.
Efficiencies in power transmission stages

Source: BEE
Source: BEE
Source: BEE
 Losses in secondary distribution
 When the power reaches the industry, it meets the
transformer.
 The energy efficiency of the transformer is generally very
high. Next, it goes to the motor through internal plant
distribution network.
 A typical distribution network efficiency including transformer
is 95% and motor efficiency is about 87%.
 Another 30 % (Efficiency=70%)is lost in the mechanical system
which includes coupling/ drive train, a driven equipment such
as pump and flow control valves/throttling etc.
 Thus the overall energy efficiency becomes 50%. (0.87 x 0.95x
0.87 x 0.70 = 0.50, i.e. 50% efficiency)
 Hence one unit saved at the end user is equivalent to two
units generated in the power plant. (1Unit / 0.5Eff = 2 Units)
Concept of Active, Reactive and
Apparent Power
 Concept of Active, Reactive and
Apparent Power
 Active Power (P) = VI cos (ϕ) kW
Reactive Power(Q)=VI sin(ϕ) kVAR
Apparent Power(S)=VI VA
Power Factor (P.F.)= cos (ϕ)
Power Factor=Active Power/Apparent Power
S2=P2+Q2
 Power Factor Correction

I=P/V cos (ϕ)

Higher the p.f. lesser is the current taken from
supply
Questions ?