What is related

literature?
What are the
purposes of
Review of Related
Literature?
What are the
styles or
approaches of
RRL?
What are the
process of RRL?
• Citation
• Acknowledge
• Context
• Connotation
Ethics which is synonymous with
morals connotes customs, habits,
and accepted ways of behaviour of
an individual or community (Lacey,
1976). He further sees ethic as an
inquiry into how men ought to act
in general, not as a means to a
given end, but as an end itself.
For Walkings (1956: 12), ethics is
a system of moral principles,
while for Hornby (2000) quoted
in Ezeani (2006) ethics is a
system or moral principle that
governs on influences a person’s
behaviour.
Egbeke (p. 21) cited in Okeke (2004)
ethics is a branch of philosophy
which seeks to establish and
rationally defined a universally
valid theory of what is right and
wrong, good and bad, which can be
used as a set of moral principles
guiding human actions.
Three Terms to express appreciation for or recognition
of people’s ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp, 2012)

• Acknowledgment
• References or
Bibliography
• Citation or in-text
citation
• Acknowledgment - the
beginning portion of the
work that identifies
individuals who have
contributed something for
the production of the
paper.
• References or Bibliography
- a complete list of all
reading materials,
including books, journals,
etc from where the
borrowed ideas came from
• Citation or in-text
citation - references
within the main
body of the test
Purposes of Citation
1. To give importance
and respect to other
people for what they
know about the field.
Purposes of Citation

2. To give authority,
validity, and credibility to
other peoples’ claims,
conclusions, and
arguments.
Purposes of Citation

3. To prove your broad

and extensive reading
of authentic and
relevant materials
about your topic.
Purposes of Citation

4. To help readers
find or contact the
sources of ideas
easily.
Purposes of Citation

5. To permit
readers to check
the accuracy of
your work.
Purposes of Citation

6. To save
yourself from
plagiarism.
Styles of Citation
•Integral Citation
•Non-integral
Citation
Styles of Citation

•Integral Citation - one way

of citing or referring to the
author whose ideas appear
in your work. You do this bu
using verbs like claim,
assert, state, etc. To report
the author’s ideas.
Example of Integral Citation

APA Style (American MLA Style (Modern

Psychological Language Association of
Association) America)
One study by Manalo One study by (Manalo
(2015) states that… 70)
The latest work by (Lee, The latest work by (Lee
2015) asserts… 143)
According to Abad et.al According to (Abad
(2015) context is… et.al:54)
Styles of Citation

• Non-integral Citation - this

second citation style
downplays any strength of the
writer’s personal
characteristics. The stress is
given to the piece of
information rather than to the
owner of the ideas.
Example:
•The code of ethics for
intercultural competence give
four ways by which people
from different cultural
background can harmoniously
relate themselves with one
another. (De la Cruz, 2015)
Example:
•Knowledge is one component
of not only systematic
functional grammar but
intercultural competence as
well. It is the driving force
beyond any successful
collaborative competence.
(Smith 2015)
Instruction: Determine whether the
following citations used APA or MLA
1. The government according to
(Lisbon:110)..
2. The greatest science achievement of all
times by (Abad 100)..
3. Sandino (2018) claims that one of the
threats in the government is…
4. According to (Menorca et 134)
5. According to Queano (2008), education is
….
Activity
With your partner, try to
make statement showing the
concept of non-integral
citation. You may refer to any
of the books in the
classroom.
Evaluation
1. Rewrite this integral citation using
APA style.
“Many gave their comments about
the medicinal power of ampalaya. For
instance, the latest study of Santos
and Gomez revealed that the juice of
this vegetable can be a good cure
against diabetes. (2015: p.90)
Evaluation
2. Rewrite this integral citation using
MLA style.
“A number of medicinal fruit trees can
be found in one’s family’s backyard
like santol, mango, tamarind, atis and
guyabano (Rafael Corpuz, 2018).
These plants always make themselves
available to people believing in their
medicinal qualities. (p. 64-67)
Evaluation
3. Rewrite into a non-integral citation.
“A study of Lydia Laguardia and Flora
Florentino (2015, p. 16) has identified
the seven components of intercultural
competence are likewise the leading
elements of one “contemporary
language theory called Systemic
Functional Grammar.”