Lecture PowerPoint to accompany

Inquiry into Life

Twelfth Edition

Sylvia S. Mader
Chapter 2

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 2.1 Basic Chemistry

Matter is anything that takes up space and

has weight.
 2.1 Basic Chemistry
Energy is the ability to do work.
Matter is anything that takes up space and
has mass.
Matter and Energy can be exchanged, but
cannot be destroyed.
All matter, living or nonliving, is made up of
elements.
 2.1 Basic Chemistry

Elements are substances that cannot be

broken down to simpler substances with
different properties.
 Elements that make up the
Earth’s crust and its organisms.
 Elements that make up 95%
of living organisms (by weight)

–C Carbon
 Elements that make up 95%
of living organisms (by weight)

–C Carbon
–H Hydrogen
 Elements that make up 95%
of living organisms (by weight)

–C Carbon
–H Hydrogen
–N Nitrogen
 Elements that make up 95%
of living organisms (by weight)

–C Carbon
–H Hydrogen
–N Nitrogen
–O Oxygen
 Elements that make up 95%
of living organisms (by weight)

–C Carbon
–H Hydrogen
–N Nitrogen
–O Oxygen
–P Phosphorus
 Elements that make up 95%
of living organisms (by weight)

–C Carbon
–H Hydrogen
–N Nitrogen
–O Oxygen
–P Phosphorus
–S Sulfur
 Atomic Structure

• Atom: The smallest part of an element

that displays the properties of the element.
• Atom: The smallest part of an element
that displays the properties of the element.

• Atoms are made up of subatomic particles.

 Subatomic Particles

• Protons (positively charged)

 Subatomic Particles

• Protons (positively charged)

• Neutrons (uncharged)
 Subatomic Particles

• Protons (positively charged)

• Neutrons (uncharged)

• Electrons (negatively charged)

Helium
Atomic Symbol

Atomic
Mass 12

Atomic
Number
C
6

Carbon
 Atomic Symbol

Atomic Mass = Number of Protons +

Number of Neutrons

Atomic Number = The Number of Protons

in the Nucleus
The Periodic Table
 Isotopes

12 13 14

C
6 6
C 6
C*
*radioactive

Atoms of the same element

with a differing numbers of
neutrons
 Radiation

• As radioactive isotopes decay, energy is

released in the form of subatomic particles
(radiation).
Some Uses of Low Levels of
Radiation
Some Uses of High Levels of
Radiation
Electrons
 Electrons
• If an atom is electrically neutral, the
number of protons (positively charged) is
equal to the number of electrons
(negatively charged).
Energy Levels (electron shells)
 Energy Levels (electron shells)
• The first shell (closest to the nucleus) can
contain two electrons
 Energy Levels (electron shells)
• The first shell (closest to the nucleus) can
contain two electrons
• Each additional shell can contain eight
electrons
 Energy Levels (electron shells)
• The first shell (closest to the nucleus) can
contain two electrons
• Each additional shell can contain eight
electrons
• Each lower shell is filled with electrons
before the next higher level contains any
electrons.
 Periodic Table (Revisited)
Vertical columns indicate
number of electrons
in outermost shell

I VIII
1 2
1 H He
Horizontal 1.008
II III IV V VI VII 4.003
periods 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

indicate 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
total 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
number 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
of electron 22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95

shells 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
4 K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.60
 Electrons
• Atoms can give up, accept, or share
electrons to have eight electrons in the
outer shell.
2.2 Elements and Compounds
 2.2 Elements and Compounds
Molecules usually form when two or more
atoms bond together by forming covalent
bonds (example: O2)
A molecule is the smallest particle of matter
that can have independent existence: He,
Ne, H2, N2, O2, Cl2, CO2, H2O, NH3, CH4
2.2 Elements and Compounds
• Molecules form when two or more atoms
bond together by forming covalent bonds
(example: O2)

• Compounds form when two or more

different elements bond together
(example: H2O)
 2.2 Elements and Compounds
• Molecules form when two or more atoms
bond together (example: O2)

• Compounds form when two or more

different elements bond together (H2O)

• When a chemical reaction occurs, energy

may be given off or absorbed.
 Ionic Bonding
• Ions are charged particles that form when
electrons are transferred from one atom to
another.
 Ionic Bonding
• Ions are charged particles that form when
electrons are transferred from one atom to
another.

• Ionic compounds are held together by an

attraction between oppositely charged ions
called an ionic bond.
Ionic Bonding
 Covalent Bonding
• In covalent bonds, atoms share electrons
allowing each atom to have a completed
outer shell.
Covalent Bonding

• A covalent bond

• A double covalent
bond
Shape of Molecules
 Nonpolar covalent bonds
• If the sharing between
two atoms is fairly
equal, the covalent
bond is described as
nonpolar.
 Polar Covalent Bonds

If the sharing between two atoms is unequal,

the covalent bond is described as polar.
 Hydrogen Bonding
• A hydrogen bond
occurs between a
slightly positive
hydrogen atom of one
molecule and a
slightly negative atom
of another molecule,
or between atoms of
the same molecule.