CELLULAR COMMUNICATION

DEFINITION
 A cellular mobile comms. system uses a large number of low-
power wireless transmitters to create cells
 Variable power levels allow cells to be sized according to
subscriber density and demand within a particular region
 As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their conversations are
handed off between cells
 Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be reused in another
cell some distance away
 MOBILE PHONE SUBSCRIBERS WORLDWIDE
approx. 1.7 bn
1600

2013:
1400 6 bn!

1200
Subscribers [million]

GSM total
1000 TDMA total
CDMA total
800 PDC total
Analogue total
W-CDMA
600
Total wireless
Prediction (1998)
400

200

0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 year
FOUR GENERATIONS
FOUR GENERATIONS
MAIN COMPONENTS IN CELLULAR COMM
INGREDIENTS 1: MOBILE PHONES, PDAS & CO.

The visible but smallest

part of the network!
INGREDIENTS 2: ANTENNAS

Still visible – cause many discussions…

INGREDIENTS 3:
INFRASTRUCTURE 1
Base Stations

Cabling

Microwave links
INGREDIENTS 3: INFRASTRUCTURE 2
Not „visible“, but
comprise the major part
of the network (also
from an investment
point of view…)

Management
Data bases

Switching units

Monitoring
WHY “CELLULAR”?
CELLULAR PRINCIPLES

 Frequency reuse – same frequency in

many cell sites
 Cellular expansion – easy to add new cells

 Handover – moving between cells

 Roaming between networks

FREQUENCY REUSE

 is a method used by service providers to improve the

efficiency of a cellular network and to serve millions of
subscribers using a limited radio spectrum
 is based on the fact that after a distance a radio wave
gets attenuated and the signal falls bellow a point where
it can no longer be used or cause any interference
 a transmitter transmitting in a specific frequency range
will have only a limited coverage area
 beyond this coverage area, that frequency can be reused
by another transmitter
NETWORK CELLS

 the entire network coverage area is divided into cells based

on the principle of frequency reuse
 a cell = basic geographical unit of a cellular network; is the
area around an antenna where a specific frequency range
is used; is represented graphically as a hexagonal shape,
but in reality it is irregular in shape
 when a subscriber moves to another cell, the antenna of
the new cell takes over the signal transmission
 a cluster is a group of adiacent cells, usually 7 cells; no
frequency reuse is done within a cluster
 the frequency spectrum is divided into subbands and each
subband is used within one cell of the cluster
 in heavy traffic zones cells are smaller, while in isolated
zones cells are larger
CELLS
 A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular
system
 The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape of the
areas into which a coverage region is divided
 Cells are base stations transmitting over small geographic
areas that are represented as hexagons
 Size varies depending on the landscape
CLUSTERS

 A cluster is a group of cells

 No channels are reused within a cluster

A seven Cell Cluster

NETWORK CELLS (2)
TYPES OF CELLS
 macrocell – their coverage is large (aprox. 6 miles in diameter);
used in remote areas, high-power transmitters and receivers
are used
 microcell – their coverage is small (half a mile in diameter) and
are used in urban zones; low-powered transmitters and
receivers are used to avoid interference with cells in another
clusters
 picocell – covers areas such as building or a tunnel
CELL SPLITTING

 Allows urban centres to be split into as many areas

as necessary for acceptable service levels in
heavy-traffic regions, while larger, less expensive
cells can be used to cover remote rural regions
OTHER CELLULAR PRINCIPLES
 handover = moving a call from one zone (from the transmitter-
receiver from one zone) to another zone due to subscriber’s
mobility.
 roaming = allowing the subscriber to send/receive calls outside
the service provider’s coverage area
HANDOVER
 TWO REASON
 When The Radio Signal’s quality and power decreases
to necessary scores, the connection deliver to more
powerful cell
 When The Trraffic Capacity approaches to maximum ,
the connection deliver to less density of traffic cell
NETWORK STRUCTURE
BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM- BTS,BSC AND MSC

 BTS & BSC: Base Transceiver System and Base Station

Controller. Radio signal transceiver, a connection
between handset and MSC
 MSC: Mobile services Switching Center, switching
center of the GSM network, and connect to
other networks. It is an integrated structure
with phone exchange
NETWORK SUBSYSTEM -DATABASE
 HLR : Home Location Register, contains static information of subscribers
and location update data
-MSISDN
-IMSI
-They provide the right call, right service
IMSI = MCC+MNC+MSIN
MCC = Mobile Country Code
MNC = Mobile Network Code
MSIN = Mobile Sucscriber Identification Number

 VLR : Visitor Location Register, embedded in MSC to avoid delay, contains

current location information of handsets. It includes temporary user’s
information according to user’s position
 AUC : Authentication Center, stores secret keys for authentication and
encryption of the radio channel
 EIR : Equipment Identity Register, contains a list of all valid mobile
equipment in the network, by its International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI)
GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATION)
HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

•1982 CEPT start to develop cell structure

•1986 Basic GSM radio tarnsmission technics
chosen
•1988 The Telecommunication Standarts
Instute define GSM
•1989 Explanation is finished for GSM
Generation 1
•1991 First call in GSM
HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

 1992 First GSM Network in the world

 1993 GSM Network is reached 32
 1994 First GSM Network in Africa,
 1995 GSM Network is reached 117
 1998 120 Million User on the World
 1999 First GPRS
 1998 480 Million User on the World
HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

 2003 863 Million User on the World

 2004 3G World Congress
 2007 2.4 Billion user on the world
INTO THE ARCHITECTURE

 Mobile phone is identified by SIM card.

 Key feature of the GSM

 Has the “secret” for authentication

MOBILITY FUNCTIONS

 Registration and Database

 SIM (The Subscriber Identity Module)

 Location Update
ARCHITECTURE OF THE GSM SYSTEM
 GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
 several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM
standard within each country
 components
 MS (mobile station)
 BS (base station)
 MSC (mobile switching center)
 LR (location register)
 subsystems
 RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects
 NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover,
switching
 OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network
GPRS-GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE

 Upgrade of existed GSM network

 Improves the data communication ability
WHAT DOES GPRS STAND FOR AND WHAT
IS IT?
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a
mobile data service available to users of
GSM mobile phones. It is often described as
"2.5G", that is, a technology between the
second and third generations of mobile
telephony.
GPRS
NETWORK NODES

 GGSN: Gateway GSM Support Node,

 Protocol transferring, data encapsulation, a
connection to external networks
 SGSN: Service GSM Support Node,

 Communicate with HLR and mobile

handsets, authorization and admission
control, charging, mobility management
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
 In GSM, one user occupies one traffic channel to
exchange voice/data information
 In GPRS, up to 8 traffic channels(a whole carrier) can
be dynamically combined together for one data
communication application
 The theoretically maximum data transmission rate:
14.4k bps * 8 = 115.2k bps
ADVANTAGES OF GPRS

 Higher data rate

 Seamless connection to internet

 Packet switching rather than circuit switch,

bandwidth is only used when the data is
actually used, even though it is always
connected
 A primary step to 3G
SHORTAGE

 Not fast enough for the multimedia service

 The data rate falls when the network is busy

 Upgrade of handset
WIRELESS ROADMAP
 Super real-
5G SCENARIOS time and
Best reliable
Great
experience connections
Amazingly Service in a Ubiquitous
follows you
fast crowd things
communicating

bit-rate, simple devices,

Accessibility, Accessibility,
delay delay, coverage
dense crowds mobility reliability
5G ARCHITECTURE
Amazingly Fast scenario Local break out & Distributed mobile core
high data rates & network capacities functions
Accelerated content delivery
Ultra-Dense Networks (UDN)
Tech. Dependent
ISD about 10 m
D2D, MMC (Massive Machine Comm.), Moving
>= 1 radio nodes per room Networks (MN), UDN Ultra-reliable Comm. (URC)
C-RAN +
Mobile Core – Distributed Functions C-RAN
(incl. optional local breakout or CDN)

D2D / URC
CoMP
MMC
…
Massive
MIMO Internet

Mobile Core
– Centralized
MN
Functions
UDN Centralized + OAM
or
distributed?
Wireless access
Macro radio node* Wireless fronthaul
Small cell radio node*, e.g. Wired fronthaul
micro, (ultra-)pico, femto Aggregation Network (local, regional, national) Wired backhaul
Internet access
Note: Indoor cells not shown!

* Only Remote Radio Units (RRUs) assumed.

CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

1G 2G 3G

Voice Quality OK OK Good

Data N/A ~115K ~2M

communication
Spectrum usage X 5~6X 10~20X

Communication Weak OK Good

safety