Hardware

Concepts
 Present day life is so automatic.
 Most of the tasks are done by a single click of a button.
Eg: Washing –washing machines, cooking-
microwaves, banking-ATMs.
 A click of button starts a process inside the machine.
 Sometimes complex. Does what it is intended to do.
Eg :ATM (Process input by user and gives output).
 Predefined work flow based on which button has been
pressed.
It is an electronic device that processes input
data and produces result(output) according
to set of instructions called program.
 Major Functions By Computer
 It accepts data or instructions by way of input.
 It stores data.
 It processes data as required by the user.
 It controls operations of a computer.
 It gives results in the form of output.
Block Diagram of Functional Units
of Computer

 Receives data through “Input Devices”.

 Processed in “CPU”.
 Result shown in “Output Devices”.
 Main memory and Secondary/Auxiliary Memory store data.
 Basic components that each computer posses.
 Differs in usage, performance and various types.
 User choice according to the requirement.
 Input Devices
 Used to enter data and instructions into the computer.
 Keyboard : Most common input device, uses
arrangement of button keys.
 Each press of a key typically- single written symbol.
 Some symbols require pressing and holding several
keys simultaneously or sequence.
 More About Keyboard
 In modern computer- Key press generally left to
software.
 Distinguishes each physical key from every other and
controls the software.
 Used for computer gaming/special gaming features.
 Alphabet keys-26.
 More About Keyboard
 Number Keys : 10 (0-9)
 Directions keys : Left , right, up and down. Cursor
moves in this direction.(Do not display)
 Function keys : 12 (F1-F12). Special tasks dynamic tasks
performed.(Do not display/Print).
 Other keys : Caps Lock, Tab, Ctrl, Pause, Del,
Backspace, Spacebar, Shift, Enter etc.,
 More About Keyboard
 Key pressed- specific signal is transmitted to
computer.
 Crossbar network to identify every key. Electrical
contact is formed- transmitted to a micro controller-
coded form-describing character corresponding to
that key.
 Theory of codes vast field to study. (BCD, ASCII, ISCII
and Unicode.
 All programs, soft-wares based on text.
 About Mouse
 Pointing device, functions –detecting two
dimensional motion relative to supporting surface.
 Mouse’s motion translates motion of cursor on
display. (GUI).
 Mouse : 3 parts.
 1. The buttons.
 2. The handling area.
 3. The rolling object : Tracking ball, type of light beam (to detect
motion).
 Flexible to let handlers too to be changed in the
settings.
 In laptops flat surface and sometimes a short stick.
 More About Mouse
 Left Button : selection, dragging, moving anf pasting.
 Right button : open a context/menu.
 Other Input Devices
 Light Pen : Light sensitive stylus, video terminal-draw
picture, select menu options.
 Touch Screen : Interacting without any intermediate
device. Eg KIOSKS
 Graphics Tablet : Enter data using stylus. Enter digital
signatures.
 Joystick : Stick that pivots on a base. Angle direction as
data. Control inputs in video games.
 Microphone : Audio data. Sound recording.
 OCR : Convert Images of text into Machine editable text.
Convert books and documents into electronic files.
 Other Input Devices
 Scanner : Scans images, printed text/object –converts into digital text.
 Smart Card Reader : Microprocessor of a smart card. Two types :
1)Memory cards (non-volatile memory storage)
2) Microprocessor cards. (volatile memory). Security authentication.
 BCR : Bar code as input data. Light source, a lens and a light sensor.
Translates optical impulses into electrical signals. Decoder circuitry :
image data to scanner’s output port.
 Biometric sensors : Recognize individuals based on physical/behavioral
traits. Mark attendance employees/students in
organization/institutions. Popular Security device-restricted entry for
secured areas.
 Web camera : Captures video a data for computer, good quality.
Used for web chats.
 Central Processing Unit
 Responsible for processing the data and instruction.
 CPU divided into three categories:
 Control Unit
 Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
 Memory Unit
 Control Unit
 CU coordinates various operations of the Computer.
 Directs the sequence of Operations
 Interprets the instructions of a program in storage unit
and produces signals to execute the instructions.
 Directs the flow of data and instructions in the
computer system.
 Arithmetic and Logical Unit
 Responsible for performing various Arithmetic
operation of addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division.
 Relational operations such as equal to, grater than, less
than, greater than or not equal to and logical
operations etc.
 Memory Unit
 Main and primary memory stores information
(Instructions and Data).
 MU is divided into Two Types:
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
 RAM & ROM
 Random Access Memory used for primary storage and to hold
active information of data and instructions.
 Read Only Memory stores the instructions provided by the
manufacturer, holds instruction to check basic hardware
interconnector and to load operating system from appropriate
storage device.
 RAM & ROM
 Units of Memory: Elementary unit of memory is a bit. 4 bits
called as “Nibble” and 8 bits is called a “Byte”.
 One “Byte” is the minimum space required to store one
character.
 1 KB (Kilo Byte) = 210 bytes = 1024 bytes
 1 MB (Mega Byte)= 210 KB = 1024 KB
 1 GB (Giga Byte) = 210 MB = 1024 MB
 1 TB (Tera Byte) = 210 GB = 1024 GB
 1 PB (Peta Byte) = 210 Tera = 1024 TB
 Output Devices
 Display results on video display/print the result.
 Store the result for further use.
 Monitor or VDU : Common output device, looks like TV. CRT,
LCD, Plasma or touch sensitive.
 Speakers : Listen to audio output of computer.
 Printers : Hard copy of output/text/graphics.
 Dot matrix printer : Prints characters by striking an ink soaked
ribbon against paper. Generate carbon copies.
 Inkjet/Deskjet/Bubblejet Printers : Low cost printers. Controlled
stream of ink for printing.
 Laser Printers : Laser technology to produce printed documents.
Very fast printers, high quality prints.
 Plotters : Print graphics. Computer aided-designing.
 Computer Architecture
 Bus : A system that transfers data b/w computer
components/computers.
 Communication Bus : Establish communication b/w
components/computers.
 Address Bus : Specify address of a memory location. Width
of bus-number of memory locations that can be addressed.
For eg: 64-bit address-2^64 memory locations.
 Data Bus : Transfer data from one place to another in
computer system.
 Control Bus : Carries signal-report about status of a device.
Eg : CPU- reading or writing from main memory.
Interconnection of CPU with
Memory and I/O units
 Instructions to be executed by a CPU are retrieved
from main memory interpreted by it and executed.
 CPU connected to main memory by parallel wires AB
(carries Abits to MAR).
 DB : carries data/instructions from CPU to MDR
(main memory).
 CB : Controls R/W operations from/to memory & also
I/O operations.
 No. of parallel wire-bus width. Eg: MAR 24 bits (-16
MB memory) – AB width 24 bits.
 DB size-memory to CPU = no. of bits in an instruction
also called CPU word length.
 Most PC’s have 32 bits word length-32 bits DB.
 Width of IA-64 by Intel is 128 – DB 128 bits.
 CB – no. of bits is normally around 16.
 Connection of AB, DB and CB is called- System Bus. (Used
for wasily connect to PCs.)
 CPU, memory and ICs to connect I/O units to CPU and
MM are all mounted on motehrboard.
 Motherboard has ROM where a program called BIOS is
stored to control-peripheral devices connected to
computer.
 Motherboard-set of connection points called ports to
connect units such as disk, VDU, Keyboaard etc.,
 Paralled port Dbits – parallel tnxtd via parallel wires. Faster
transmitting data(simultaneously) Eg : Hard disk.
 Serial port Dbits- serially trnsmitd via serial wires. Slow
data tranmisn data(one by one).
 Standard serial port is USB.
 Communication Ports
 CP : Mounted in a slot on computer for east
plugging/unplugging of a peripheral devices.
 SP (serial port) : One bit at a time. In form of 9-pin/25-
pin male connector. Called COM port. Eg: Mouse,
modem etc., connected mostly by SP. But now
replaced by USB.
 PP (Parallel Port) : Data signals sent simultaneously
over several parallel channels. 25-pin female
connector. Connect printer, scanner etc.,
 RJ-11 RJ-11 RJ-45 RJ-45
Connector Socket Connector Socket

 RJ 45 Port : Ethernet connections. B/w computer & any

networked device. Eg : Cable modem or a network hub. It
is 8-wire connector.
 RJ 11 Port : Connecting telephone line. 6-wire conductors.
Smaller than RJ 45.
 USB Port : Short distance digital data communications.
Data transfer b/w devices with electric power.
Secondary Storage Devices
 Save data for future reference -retrieval then it needs
to be saved in memory other than primary memory
called secondary memory/auxiliary memory.
 Hard disk of computer is used as secondary memory -
not portable.(Hence many secondary storage devices).
 Hard disk : High capacity storage-1GB to TB. Sealed
units fixed in cabinet.
 Floppy Disk : Data storage medium made up of a disk
of thin, flexible magnetic material enclosed in a cover.
Secondary Storage Devices
 Compact Disk (CD): Std. size 700MB. Optical disk store
audio/video. Transfer speed 150MB/s- 4x-600Mb/s.
 Magnetic Tape : Magnetic coatings- data on a thin tape.
Earlier for archived purposes.
 DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) : Optical disk. Single/Double
side. Capacity 4.7GB to 8.5GB.
 USB Drive : Small, Portable memory. Plugged by USB port.
Lesser capacity than hard disk larger than CD/Floppy disk.
Eg : Pen Drive.
 Memory Cards : Digital cameras, phones, music players
etc.,High record ability with power free storage.