(PART 2)

Prepared by;

Mdm. Syazwani Mahmad Puzi

School of Bioprocess Engineering
The applicable conditions are -
- Constant mass release rate, Qm = constant,
- No wind, <uj> = 0,
- Steady state, <C>/t = 0, and
- Constant eddy diffusivity, Kj = K* in all directions.
For this case, Equation 9 reduces to the form,

2 C 2 C 2 C
  0 (10)
x 2
y 2
z 2
Equation 10 is more tractable by defining a radius as r² = x² + y² +
z². Transforming Equation 10 in terms of r yields
d  2 d C  (11)
r 0

dr  dr 

For a continuous, steady state release, the concentration flux at

any point, r, from the origin must equal the release rate, Qm (with
units of mass/time). This is represented mathematically by the
following flux boundary condition.
d C
 4r K2 *
 Qm (12)
dr
The remaining boundary condition is

As r  , C  0
(13)
Equation 12 is separated and integrated between any point r and
r =.
0 Qm  dr
 C
d C 
4K * 
r r2
(14)

Solving Equation 14 for <C> yields,

Qm
C r   (15)
4K * r

It is easy to verify by substitution that Equation 15 is also a

solution to Equation 11 and thus a solution to this case. Equation
15 is transformed to rectangular coordinates to yield,
Qm (16)
C x, y, z  
4K * x 2  y 2  z 2
The applicable conditions are -
- Puff release, instantaneous release of a fixed mass of
material,Qm* (with units of mass),
- No wind, <uj> = 0, and
- Constant eddy diffusivity, Kj = K*, in all directions.
Equation 9 reduces, for this case, to

1  C 2 C 2 C 2 C (17)
  
K *
t x 2
y 2
z 2
The initial condition required to solve Equation 17 is

C x, y, z   0 at t  0 (18)

The solution to Equation 17 in spherical coordinates is

Qm*  r2  (19)
C r , t   exp   
* 

8 K t *

3
2  4K t 
and in rectangular coordinates is

C x, y, z, t  
Qm*
exp 

 x2  y2  z 2  


8 K t *

3
2  4 K *
t 
(20)
The applicable conditions are
- Constant mass release rate, Qm = constant,
- No wind, <uj> = 0, and
- Constant eddy diffusivity, Kj = K* in all directions.
For this case, Equation 9 reduces to Equation 17 with initial
condition, Equation 18, and boundary condition, Equation 13.
The solution is found by integrating the instantaneous solution,
Equation 19 or 20 with respect to time. The result in spherical
coordinates is

Qm  
 
C r, t  
erfc 
r

 (21)
4K r
*
2 K t
*

 and in rectangular coordinates is
Qm  x 2  y 2  z 2  (22)
C x, y, z, t   erfc 
4K * x2  y2  z2  2 K *t 
 
As t , Equations 21 and 22 reduce to the corresponding
steady state solutions, Equations 15 and 16.
This case is shown in Figure 7. The applicable conditions are
- Continuous release, Qm = constant,
- Wind blowing in x direction only, <uj> = <ux> = u =
constant, and
- Constant eddy diffusivity, Kj = K* in all directions.
For this case, Equation 9 reduces to

u  C  2
C  2
C  2
C (23)
  
K *
x x 2
y 2
z 2
Equation 23 is solved together with boundary conditions,
Equation12 and 13. The solution for the average concentration at
any point is
Qm
C  x, y , z  
4K * x2  y2  z2
(24)

exp  
 2K
u
*
 
x2  y2  z2  x 

If a slender plume is assumed (the plume is long and slender and is
not far removed from the x-axis),
y2  z2  x2 (25)
and, using 1  a  1  a 2 , Equation 24 is simplified to
(26)
C  x, y , z  
Qm
exp

 
u
y 2
z 2 
 
4K *  4K x
*

Along the centreline of this plume, y = z = 0 and
Qm (27)
C x  
4K * x
This is the same as Case 2, but with eddy diffusivity a function of
direction. The applicable conditions are -
- Puff release, Qm* = constant,
- No wind, <uj> = 0, and
- Each coordinate direction has a different, but constant eddy
diffusivity, Kx, Ky and Kz.
Equation 9 reduces to the following equation for this case.

 C 2 C 2 C 2 C
(28)
 Kx  Ky  Kz
t x 2 y 2 z 2

The solution is
Qm  1  x2 2 2 
C  x, y , z , t    y z 
exp    (29)
8t   4t  K x K z 
3 2
KxKyKz Ky
This is the same as Case 4, but with eddy diffusivity a function of
direction. The applicable conditions are -

- Puff release, Qm* = constant,

- Steady state, <C>/t = o,

- Wind blowing in x direction only, <uj> = <ux> = u = constant,

- Each coordinate direction has a different, but constant eddy

diffusivity, Kx, Ky and Kz, and

- Slender plume approximation, Equation 25.

Equation 9 reduces to the following equation for this case.

 C 2 C 2 C 2 C (30)
u  Kx  Ky  Kz
x x 2
y 2
z 2
The solution is

Qm  u  y2 2  (31)
C  x, y , z    z 
exp  
4x K y K z  4 x  K y K z 
Along the centreline of this plume, y = z = 0 and the average
concentration is given by

Qm (32)
C x  
4x K y K z
This is the same as Case 5, but with wind. Figure 8 shows the
geometry. The applicable conditions are -

- Puff release, Qm* = constant,

- Wind blowing in x direction only, <uj> = <ux> = u = constant,

and

- Each coordinate direction has a different, but constant eddy

diffusivity, Kx, Ky and Kz,.

The solution to this problem is found by a simple transformation of

coordinates. The solution to Case 5 represents a puff fixed around
the release point.
If the puff moves with the wind along the x-axis, the solution to this
case is found by replacing the existing coordinate x by a new
coordinate system, x - ut, that moves with the wind velocity. The
variable t is the time since the release of the puff, and u is the wind
velocity. The solution is simply Equation 29, transformed into this
new coordinate system.
Qm*
C  x, y , z , t  
8t 
3 2
KxKyKz

 1   x  ut 
2
y2 z 2  
exp     


4t  K x Ky K z  
 (33)
This is the same as Case 5, but with the source on the ground. The
ground represents an impervious boundary. As a result, the
concentration is twice the concentration as for Case 5. The solution
is 2 times Equation 29.
Qm*
C  x, y , z , t  
4t 
3 2
KxKyKz
 u  x2 y 2
z 2 
exp     
 4t  K x Ky K z  (34)
This is the same as Case 6, but with the release source on the
ground, as shown in Figure 9. The ground represents an
impervious boundary. As a result, the concentration is twice the
concentration as for Case 6. The solution is 2 times Equation 31.

Qm  u  y2 2 
C  x, y , z    z 
exp   (35)
2x K x K y  4 x  K y K z 
Figure 9 Steady-state plume with source at ground level. The
concentration is twice the concentration of a plume without the
ground.
For this case the ground acts as an impervious boundary at a
distance H from the source. The solution is

Qm  uy 2 
C  x, y , z   exp   
4x K y K z  4K z x 

  2  2  (36)
 exp 
u
z  H r    exp  u
z  H r   

  4K z x   4K z x 
 Cases 1 through 10 above all depend on the specification of a
value for the eddy diffusivity, Kj. In general, Kj changes with
position, time, wind velocity, and prevailing weather conditions.
While the eddy diffusivity approach is useful theoretically, it is not
convenient experimentally and does not provide a useful framework
for correlation.

Sutton solved this difficulty by proposing the following definition

for a dispersion coefficient.
C ut 
1 2n
s x2 
2

2 (37)

with similar relations given for sy and sz. The dispersion

coefficients, sx, sy, and sz represent the standard deviations of the
concentration in the downwind, crosswind.
 with similar relations given for sy and sz. The dispersion
coefficients, sx, sy, and sz represent the standard deviations of the
concentration in the downwind, crosswind, and vertical (x,y,z)
directions, respectively. Values for the dispersion coefficients are
much easier to obtain experimentally than eddy diffusivities.

The dispersion coefficients are a function of atmospheric

conditions and the distance downwind from the release. The
atmospheric conditions are classified according to 6 different
stability classes shown in Table 2. The stability classes depend
on wind speed and quantity of sunlight. During the day, increased
wind speed results in greater atmospheric stability, while at night
the reverse is true. This is due to a change in vertical temperature
profiles from day to night.
 The dispersion coefficients, sy and sz for a continuous source
were developed by Gifford and given in Figures 10 and 11, with the
corresponding correlation given in Table 3. Values for sx are not
provided since it is reasonable to assume sx = sy. The dispersion
coefficients sy and sz for a puff release are given in Figures 12 and
13. The puff dispersion coefficients are based on limited data
(shown in Table 3) and should not be considered precise.

The equations for Cases 1 through 10 were rederived by

Pasquill using relations of the form of Equation 37. These
equations, along with the correlation for the dispersion coefficients
are known as the Pasquill-Gifford model.
Atmospheric Stability Classes for Use with the
Pasquill-Gifford Dispersion Model
Figure 10 Horizontal dispersion coefficient for Pasquill-Gifford
plume model. The dispersion coefficient is a function of distance
downwind and the atmospheric stability class.
Figure 11 Vertical dispersion coefficient for Pasquill-Gifford plume
model. The dispersion coefficient is a function of distance
downwind and the atmospheric stability class.
Figure 12 Horizontal dispersion coefficient for puff model. This
data is based only on the data points shown and should not be
considered reliable at other distances.
Figure 13 Vertical dispersion coefficient for puff model. This data
is based only on the data points shown and should not be
considered reliable at other distances.
Recommended Equations for Pasquill-Gifford Dispersion
Coefficients for PLUME Dispersion (the downwind distance x
has units of meters)
Recommended Equations for Pasquill-Gifford Dispersion
Coefficients for PUFF Dispersion (the downwind distance x has
units of meters)
 This case is identical to Case 7. The solution has a form similar to
Equation 33.

  z 2 
2
Qm*  1  x  ut  y2 
C  x, y , z , t   exp  
 
   
2 (38)
2 s xs ys z
3 2
 2  s x  s y s z  
2
  

The ground level concentration is given at z = 0.

  y 2 
2
 1  x  ut  
*
Q
C  x, y,0, t   m
exp   
 s 
  
2 
2 3 2s xs ys z  2   s y 
 (39)
 x

 The ground level concentration along the x-axis is given at y
= z= 0.
Qm*  1 x  ut 
 
2

C x,0,0, t   exp    
2 s xs ys z
3 2
 2  s x   (40)

The centre of the cloud is found at coordinates (ut,0,0). The

concentration at the centre of this moving cloud is given by
*
Qm
C ut ,0,0, t   (41)
2 s xs y s z
3 2

The total integrated dose, Dtid received by an individual standing

at fixed coordinates (x,y,z) is the time integral of the concentration.


(42)
Dtid x, y, z    C x, y, z, t dt
0
 The total integrated dose at ground level is found by integrating
Equation 39 according to Equation 42. The result is -

Qm*  1 y2  (43)
Dtid  x, y,0   exp   
s ys z u  2s2 
 y 

The total integrated dose along the x-axis on the ground is

* (44)
Q
Dtid  x,0,0   m

s ys z u

Frequently the cloud boundary defined by a fixed concentration

is required. The line connecting points of equal concentration
around the cloud boundary is called an isopleth.
 This case is identical to Case 9. The solution has a form similar
to Equation 35.
 1  y2 2 
(46)
C x, y, z  
Q z
exp   2  2 
s ys z u  2  s y s z 

The ground level concentration is given at z = 0.

  y  
2

C  x, y,0 
Q 1
exp    
s ys z u  2  s y   (47)
 
 The concentration along the centreline of the plume
directly downwind is given at y = z= 0.

C x,0,0  (48)
Q
s ys z u

The isopleths are found using a procedure identical to the

isopleth procedure used for Case 1.

For continuous ground level releases the maximum

concentration occurs at the release point.