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 Saz, Frederico
 Toh, Marvin
 Unahan, Shierwin jee
 Borba, Godfrey
 Ventero, Patrick
 Siacor, Breezy Mae Eyle
 -is a major metal and an essential element used
by man. It is found in ore deposits around the world. It is
also the oldest metal known to man and was first
discovered and used about 10,000 years ago. And as
alloyed in bronze (copper-tin alloy) about 3000 BC, was
the first engineering material known to man.
 Copper has been an essential material to man
since pre-historic times. In fact, one of the
major "ages" or stages of human history is
named for a copper alloy, bronze. Copper and
its many alloys have played an important role
in many civilizations, from the ancient
Egyptians, Romans to modern day cultures
around the world. Here, you will find a
number of reference materials detailing the
role that copper has played throughout
human civilization for thousands of years.
The Metal of Civilization
Copper is essential for modern living. It delivers
electricity and clean water into our homes and cities and
makes an important contribution to sustainable
development. More than that, it is essential for life itself.
Copper is interwoven with the story of humanity’s
progress. Its crucial role in our homes, in transportation, as
well as in infrastructure and in our industries is omnipresent.
So, what are the special features of this metal that make it
indispensible in the modern world?
This interactive section looks at the properties and
applications of one of our planet’s most versatile resources:
copper, along with its value to our society, today and
tomorrow.
 The element Copper is found in a variety of minerals in
the earth's crust. Its uses are many. On the periodic chart of
elements it is identified by the symbol "Cu".
Copper ore is extracted using two basic methods of mining -
open pit or underground mining.
The first step in processing the ore removed from the mine is to
break the large rocks of ore into smaller pieces. This is
accomplished by a variety of subsequent processing steps.
The next step in processing is called beneficiation. This is the
first step in concentrating the copper into a more useable form.
The next step in the process flow is smelting for sulfide ore
concentrate and solvent extraction for oxide ore leach solution.
Copper from the smelter is melted and cast as anodes, the
solution from the solvent extraction process moves to a plating
operation.
The final step in processing sulfide ore copper from the smelter
is to make high purity copper cathodes.
Copper cathodes are pure copper produced from the processing
of copper ores. However, cathodes are not in the final form of
usage as copper materials.
Copper has many uses because it is not only practical but also
beautiful.
Copper and copper alloys are not only strong and durable, they
are also very corrosion-resistant. This makes them ideal for use
on ships and off-shore platforms.
The copper industry strives to be good stewards in the
production and use of copper materials.
 Copper is a mineral and an element essential to our everyday lives. It is a major industrial
metal because of its high ductility, malleability, thermal and electrical conductivity and
resistance to corrosion. It is an essential nutrient in our daily diet. And, its antimicrobial
property is becoming increasingly important to the prevention of infection. It ranks third after
iron and aluminum in terms of quantities consumed in the USA.
 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimates that every American born in 2008 will use 1,309
pounds of copper during their lifetime for necessities, lifestyles and health.
 Known land-based resources of copper are estimated to be 1.6 billion metric tons of copper
(USGS, 2004). United States copper production largely comes from deposits in Arizona, Utah,
New Mexico, Nevada and Montana. Twenty mines account for about 99% of production.
 Copper is element number 29 on the Periodic Table of Elements. It is considered a semi-
precious, nonferrous, malleable metal with many hundreds of applications in the areas of
electricity and electronics, plumbing, building construction and architecture, industry,
transportation, and consumer and health products.
 Pure copper's melting point is 1,981°F (1,083°C, 1356°K). Its most important properties include
superior heat transfer, electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance.
 Copper is easily alloyed with other metals. Currently, there are more than 570 copper alloys
listed with the American Society for Testing and Materials International. They are identified by
numbers preceded by a "C" and are assigned and reviewed by the Copper Development
Association for ASTM. More than 350 of them have been acknowledged by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency as antimicrobial.
 Brasses and Bronzes are probably the most well-known
families of copper-base alloys. Brasses are mainly
copper and zinc. Bronzes are mainly copper along with
alloying elements such as tin, aluminum, silicon or
beryllium.
 A leaded yellow brass, C36000, also known as Copper
Alloy 360 is so easy to machine, it is the benchmark
standard for metals machinability.
 Because of its ease of manufacture, machining and
corrosion resistance, brass became the standard alloy
from which were made all accurate instruments such
as clocks, watches and navigational aids. Rust-free
brass pins used in wool making were an early and a
very important product, as was the manufacture of
gold-colored decorative products.
 Bronze is harder than pure iron and far more
resistant to corrosion. Bronze is also harder than
pure copper, so the Egyptians used it for weapons,
armor, tools and, most famously, sculptures. It is
particularly well suited for sculpture because it
expands when heated (filling the nooks and
crannies of a mold), then contracts as it cools so the
sculpture is easy to remove from the mold.
 Bell metal, which sounds so beautiful when struck,
is a bronze containing about 20-25 percent tin.
Statuary bronze is technically a brass with a tin
content of less than 10 percent and an admixture of
zinc and lead.
 Other copper alloy families include copper-nickels
and copper-nickel-zincs, often referred to as nickel
silvers, along with many other specialty alloys.
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