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Atoms,

Molecules, &
Life
We Will Discuss about…
1. What are Atoms?
2. How Do Atoms Interact to Form
Molecules?
3. Why is Water So Important to
Life?
What are Atoms?
• Atoms are the fundamental structural units of
matter.
• Atoms are composed of a:
Energy
levels/shells

Electron
Proton

Neutron Nucleus
Atomic Mass
(No. of Protons +
No. of Neutrons)
Atomic Symbol

Atomic Number
(is = to No. of
Proton = No. of
Electron)

Helium
• Element is a substance containing the same kind of
atoms and cannot be broken down or converted
into another substance under ordinary conditions.

• Similar atoms that differ in the number of neutrons


they possess are called isotopes.
How Do Atoms Interact to
Form Molecules?
• Atoms react with other when there are vacancies in
their outermost electron shells.

Stable/ Inert atoms have completely


filled or empty outer electron shells.

Reactive atoms have partially filled


outer shells.
• Chemical Bonds
- are atoms gaining stability
by losing, gaining or sharing
electrons.
- Are attractive forces.

• Atoms that have lost or


gained 1 or 2 electrons are
charged and called ions

• Ions interact to form ionic


bonds
• Uncharged atoms can become stable by sharing
electrons, forming covalent bonds.

• Covalent bonds vary in strength but are always


stronger than ionic bonds.

• Most biological molecules are held together by


covalent bonding. The atoms C,H,N,O,P,S are often
found in cellular molecules.

• Polar or Non-polar Bonding


• Polar Covalent Bonds form when atoms share
electrons unequally.
• Non-polar Covalent Bond form when atoms share
electrons equally.
• Hydrogen Bond when the negative end of one
water attracts the positive end of another.

Hydrogen bonds
3. Why is Water So
Important to Life?
• Water interacts with many other molecules.
• Water is a polar molecule, it can dissolve many
other substances. (good solvent)
• Water will surround positive and negative ions,
dissolving crystals of polar molecule.
• Water is attracted to and dissolves molecules
containing polar covalent bonds, (called
hydrophilic molecules) such as sugars and amino
acids
• Uncharged and non-polar molecules are
hydrophobic.
• Water can break apart into H+ and OH-
• Water-Based Solutions Can Be Acidic, Basic, or
Neutral

o If H+ > OH-, the solution is acidic


(pH less than 7)

o If OH- > H+, the solution is basic


(pH greater than 7)

o If H+ = OH-, the solution is neutral


• Each pH Scale unit
represents a 10-fold
increase or decrease in
the concentration of H+
ions.

• Buffers like bicarbonate


help organisms maintain a
constant pH in their cells
by accepting or releasing
H+ ions in response to small
changes in pH.
• Water moderates the effects of temperature
changes due to three properties:

 It has high specific heat

 It has high heat of vaporation

 It has high heat of fusion


Due to hydrogen bonding, water molecules stick
together (cohesion), producing the surface tension.
Thank You for Listening!

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