.

Basic Statistics

P i r z a d a
What is the
difference
between
.

Statics
Statistic
Statistics?
Data

Discrete data
Counting numbers or integers: e.g. 3,5,1,2,4,4

Continuous data
Any value over a particular range: e.g. 4.31, 6.88, 7.94
Central Tendency

Measurement of Central Tendency

Determines the center of the data - or
Possibly the most typical data values
Mean: Average
Median: In a set of data arranged from smallest to largest,
median is the central value: 5,6, 9, 11, 15.
Mode: Most occurring value: 7, 6, 5, 8, 7, 4, 3, 7, 2, 7.
Midrange: (Lowest + Highest)/ 2
Measures of Variation
The tendency of the data values to scatter about the mean.
Range: Difference between the largest and the smallest.
Variance and Standard Deviation: Variation of the data about
mean. _
( x  x ) 2
Variance:  2

n _
( x  x ) 2
Population Standard Deviation :  
n

_
( x  x ) 2
Sample Standard Deviation: s
n 1
s
Coefficient of Variation: CV  _
x
Probability Distribution
A probability distribution identifies either the probability of each value of a
random variable (when the variable is discrete), or the probability of the value
falling within a particular interval (when the variable is continuous
Probability Functions
Discrete Probability Function

A function that can take a discrete number of values.

For example, if you toss a coin 6 times,

you can get 2 heads or 3 heads but not 2 1/2 heads.
Each of the discrete values has a certain probability
of occurrence that is between zero and one.
Probability Functions
Continuous Probability Functions

Defined for an infinite number of points over a continuous

interval.

Probabilities are measured over intervals, not single points. That

is, the area under the curve between two distinct points defines
the probability for that interval.
Discrete Probability
Poisson Distribution

The Poisson distribution is used to model the number of events

occurring within a given time interval.

The different lines

in the graph indicate
the average number
of events in the given
time interval.
Poisson Distribution
Continuous Probability
Normal Distribution- The Bell Curve

Normal or Gaussian distribution is a continuous probability

distribution that often gives a good description of data that
cluster around the mean.

The normal distribution is often used to describe, at least

approximately, any variable that tends to cluster around the
mean. For example, the heights of adult males in a community. A
histogram of male heights will appear similar to a bell curve,
with the correspondence becoming closer if more data are used.
Normal Distribution
Properties
The general form of probability functions can be
expressed in terms of the standard distribution

3-Sigma Rule 68-95-99.7 Rule

~ 68% of values are within + 1 σ from the mean

~ 95% of the values are within + 2σ and
~ 99.7% lie within + 3σ.
Central Limit Theorem

Theorem

In large samples
(generally n > 30)
from any population,
the sample mean will
follow an
approximate normal
distribution.
Central Limit Theorem
Uniform Population
Central Limit Theorem
Exponential Population
Central Limit Theorem
U-shaped Population
Statistical Process Control

S
Statistical Process Control

S
Statistical Process Control

S
Statistical Process Control

S
What is the
difference
between
.

Statics
Statistic
Statistics?
 Statics
branch of mechanics concerned with the analysis of
loads (force, torque/moment) on physical systems
in static equilibrium

Statistic
.

is a quantity (e.g. mean) calculated from

a set of data.

Statistics
is the mathematical science of collection, analysis
and interpretation of data relating to groups of
individuals or experiments