Waves
Vibrations and Waves
Examples:
metronome
mass on a spring
pendulum
Forces and vibrations
Vibration - repetitive back
and forth motion
At the equilibrium position,
spring is not compressed
When disturbed from
equilibrium position,
restoring force acts toward
equilibrium
Carried by inertia past
equilibrium to other extreme
Example of “simple harmonic
motion”
Describing vibrations
Amplitude - maximum extent
of displacement from
equilibrium
Cycle - one complete
vibration
Period - time for one cycle
Frequency - number of
cycles per second (units =
hertz, Hz)
Period and frequency
inversely related
Description
Period - the time required for one vibration
measured in seconds
measured in Hertz
1
Frequency
Period
T 2 l g
* Example Test Question:
If you double the frequency of a vibrating
object, what happens to the period?
a) the period doubles
b) the period stays the same
c) the period is cut in half
d) not enough information is given
to answer this question.
Example Question
Mechanical waves
Require medium for propagation
Waves move through medium
Medium remains in place
Wave Motion
medium - the stuff that carries the wave
Waves Medium
water waves water
waves on a rope rope
stadium waves people
sound air
light space (vacuum)
Wave Speed...
the speed with which waves pass by a
particular point
e.g. the speed of a surfer
Waves on a Rope
Table in Notes – Appearance, Node, Antinodes, Wavelength, Frequency
Describing waves
Graphical representation
Pure harmonic waves =
sines or cosines
Wave terminology
Wavelength
Amplitude
Frequency
Period
Wave propagation speed
Example Test Questions
Answer these questions using the sine wave provided.
2 ½ meters
20 cm
Amplitude = 10 cm
Wavelength = 1 m
Number of Nodes = 6
If a water wave oscillated up and down three
times each second and the distance
between wave crest is 2 m, what is its
frequency?
Answer: 3 Hz
What is its period?
Answer: 1/3 second
What is its wavelength?
Answer: 2 m
What is its wave speed?
Answer: 6 m/s
Kinds of waves, cont.
Transverse waves
Vibration direction perpendicular to
wave propagation direction
Example: plucked string
Solids - support both longitudinal and
transverse waves
Surface water waves
Combination of both
Particle motion = circular
Kinds of waves
Longitudinal waves
Vibration direction parallel to wave
propagation direction
Particles in medium move closer
together/farther apart
Example: sound waves
Gases and liquids - support only
longitudinal waves
Waves in air
Longitudinal waves only
Large scale - swinging door
creates macroscopic
currents
Small scale - tuning fork
creates sound waves
Series of condensations
(overpressures) and
rarefactions
(underpressures)
INTERFERENCE
Constructive or destructive interference
results when waves add.
http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/superposition/superposition.html
http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/superposition/superposition.html
DOPPLER EFFECT
the change in wavelength due to motion of
the source
"Wheeeeeeeeeeee…….Oooooooooooooo”
Examples:
moving cars and trains
moving buzzer in a nerf ball (in class)
rotating whistle
ultrasonic
frequencies > 20,000 Hz
*
Sources of sound
Vibrating objects
Source of all sound
Irregular, chaotic vibration produces noise
Regular, controlled vibration can produce
music
All sound is a combination of pure
frequencies
Vibrating strings
Important concepts - strings with fixed ends
More than one wave can be present at the
same time
Waves reflected and inverted at end points
Interference occurs between incoming and
reflected waves
Vibrating strings, cont.
Standing waves
Produced by interferences at
resonant frequencies
Nodes - destructive
interference points
Anti-nodes - points of
constructive interference
Resonant frequencies of strings
Fundamental - lowest
frequency
Higher modes - overtones
(first, second, …)
Mixture of fundamental and
v
overtones produces “sound
fn = n
quality” of instrument
Formula for resonant
2L frequencies