Circulatory and

Respiratory
System
Circulatory System
 Circulatory System
• Structures:
o Heart, Blood vessels, blood
• Functions:
o Brings oxygen, nutrients and hormones
to cells
o Fights infection
o Regulates body temperature.
 Heart

• “ Pumping Station of the Body”

• Made of cardiac
muscle
• Beats on average 65-85 beats
per minute
• Pumps to circulate blood
throughout the body
 Blood Vessels:
• Carry blood to cells
• Lined with smooth muscle tissue
• Three kinds:
1. Arteries
2. Capillaries
3. Veins
Arteries (carries blood away)
• Carry oxygenated blood from the heart
to the rest of the body.
 Capillaries
• Branch off of the Arteries
• The smallest of the blood vessels
o some have diameters as small as 1 red blood cell
• Takes blood to cells
 Veins
• Takes deoxygenated blood from the
capillaries back to the heart
 Veins
• Have valves to prevent backflow because not
receiving pressure from heart
• Muscles help pump blood back to heart
through the veins
Varicose veins
 Blood
• The human
body has 4-6
liters of blood

• Blood:
o 45% of blood is
Cells
o 55% of blood is
plasma
 Blood Cells: 3 kinds
• Red Blood Cells: transports oxygen,
contain hemoglobin (gives them
color)
• White Blood Cells (leukocytes):
attack foreign substances or
organisms.
• Platelets: stick to broken blood
vessels to stop bleeding when you
are cut
 Plasma
• 90% water
• 10% other materials:
o Dissolved gases
o Salts
o Nutrients
o Enzymes
o Hormones
o Waste products
 Upper body

Blood
Flow in the
Heart
 The Heart
• The human heart has four chambers
oLeft and right ventricle
oLeft and right atrium

• The left side of the heart pumps

oxygenated blood to the body

• The right side of the heart pumps

deoxygenated blood to the lungs
 Left Atrium

Right Atrium

Right Atrium
Left Ventricle
 Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure is a measure of the
force exerted by the blood on the
wall of the arteries.
o An example is 120/80 (systolic
pressure/diastolic pressure.
• Systolic pressure is the result of the
contraction of the ventricles (normal
110-140)
• Diastolic pressure is during the ventricle
relaxation (normal 70-90)
 Disorders of the Circulatory System:
Coronary artery disease –
Atherosclerosis
• Plaque buildup
blocks arteries,
reducing, or even
stopping blood
flow
• Plaques can break
off, causing heart
attack or stroke
Cause: Damaged arteries are ‘invaded’ by
bad LDL cholesterol. White blood cells try to
digest the LDL. Ultimately, a jumble of
cholesterol and cells is accumulated.
Risk Factors: Smoking, high blood pressure,
high LDL cholesterol, diabetes
 Disorders of the Circulatory System
• Heart Attack– Myocardial Infarction (MI)
= Death of cardiac muscle cells

Cause: Plaque dislodges, blocking an artery to

the heart muscle. Cardiac muscle cells are
starved for oxygen and die. After, scar tissue
forms where cells died, therefore reduces the
functionality of heart.
Severity of a heart attack depends on size and
area supplied by the artery.

Risk Factors: Smoking, high blood pressure, high

LDL cholesterol, diabetes
Disorders of the Circulatory System
• Stroke=Death of cells in the brain.

Cause: A blood vessel in the brain is blocked

(by dislodged plaque, or bursts, starving the
cells of oxygen
A stroke can have many different symptoms,
including: numbness, vision changes, speech
changes, or confusion.

Risk Factors: Smoking, high blood pressure, high

LDL cholesterol, diabetes
 Disorders of the Circulatory System
• Arrhythmia= Irregular / skipped heart beat

Cause: The heart uses electrical signals created

in the SA node in the right atria, to begin a
heartbeat. The conduction of these signals, or
irregular firing of the SA node, can cause
arrhythmias. Atrial arrhythmias are less
dangerous than ventricular arrhythmias.

Risk Factors: Generally random, but factors are

stimulants (such as caffeine), fevers, stress, or
genetic disorders.
 Disorders of the Circulatory System
• High blood pressure - Hypertension
Diastolic pressure over 90

Why it is dangerous: Excessive pressure can cause

the arteries to thicken, and blood vessels to
weaken and rupture. This can lead to heart failure,
stroke, kidney failure, loss of sight when vessels in
eyes burst.

Risk Factors: Genetics, overweight, limited physical

activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, certain
medications

Virtual Cardiology Lab

 Respiratory System
• Function:
Bringing Oxygen into the body,
and removing carbon dioxide
and water vapor.
 Respiratory System
• What gases are in our
atmosphere?
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Argon
 Respiratory System
• Structures:
• Nose
• Pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• bronchioles
• lungs
 Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

Nose
Pharynx

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi Lung

Bronchioles
 Respiratory System
• What is the job of the nose?:

• Cilia (small hairs) filter out dirt

• Moistens and warms the air you
breathe
 Respiratory System
Pharynx
• Part of both
respiratory &
digestive systems
• Aids in
swallowing
• Houses the tonsils
 Larynx
• Generates
sound
• Contains vocal
chords

• vocal chords
video
Trachea
Tracheotomy
Bronchi/bronchioles
Inside of lungs
 Respiratory System
• Inhalation:
o Rib muscles and
diaphragm contract
o Rib cage expands
o Lung volume increases
o Air pressure in lungs
decreases
o Air flows into lungs
 Respiratory System

• Exhalation:
o Rib
muscles/diaphragm
relax
o Rib cage becomes
smaller
o Air pressure in lungs
increases
o Air flows out of lungs
 Respiratory System
• Diaphragm:
o Dome shaped
muscle
o Located at base
of rib cage
 Smallest Part of Lung= Alveoli
• Alveoli: air sacks where gas is exchanged
• Surface area of a tennis court
 Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide
• Exchanged in the lungs though:
Diffusion
• The process by which materials
move from an area of:
oHigh concentration to an area of
low concentration
Asthma
Lung Cancer
Non-smoker vs. smoker