Energy:

Forms and
Changes
Nature of Energy

 Energy is all around you!

 You can hear energy as sound.
 You can see energy as light.

 And you can feel it as wind.

Nature of Energy

 You use energy

when you:
 hit a softball.
 lift your book
bag.
 compress a
spring.
Nature of Energy

Living organisms need

energy for growth and
movement.
Nature of Energy
 Energy is involved
when:
 a bird flies.
 a bomb explodes.
 rain falls from the
sky.
 electricity flows in
a wire.
Nature of Energy

 What is energy that it can be

involved in so many different
activities?
 Energy can be defined as the
ability to do work.
 If an object or organism does
work (exerts a force over a
distance to move an object) the
object or organism uses energy.
Nature of Energy
 Because of the direct
connection between energy and
work, energy is measured in
the same unit as work: joules
(J).
 In addition to using energy to
do work, objects gain energy
because work is being done on
them.
Forms of Energy

 Energy can be found in many forms

 Can be converted from one form or
another
 Conversion can be both man made
and a natural process
 Forms include chemical, thermal,
elastic, radiant, mechanical and
nuclear.
Forms of Energy
 The five main forms
of energy are:
 Heat
 Chemical

 Electromagnetic

 Nuclear

 Mechanical
Heat Energy

 The internal motion of the atoms is

called heat energy, because moving
particles produce heat.
 Heat energy can be produced by
friction.
 Heat energy causes changes in
temperature and phase of any form
of matter.
Chemical Energy

 Chemical Energy is required to

bond atoms together.
 And when bonds are broken,
energy is released.
 Chemical Energy

 Fuel,food, wood
batteries, fossil
fuels are forms
of stored
chemical
energy.
Chemical Energy

 When a chemical reaction takes

place energy is used.
 If energy is pulled in from the
surrounding area during a chemical
reaction, the area gets cold and the
reaction is endothermic.
 Commercial ice packs for injuries
work this way.
Chemical Energy

 When a chemical reaction takes

place and releases energy it can
increase the temperature. We call
this an exothermic reaction.
Chemical Energy
Plants can make their own energy
through a process called
photosynthesis. They are the bases
for a food chain. All other living
things that cannot carry on
photosynthesis depend on plants for
their energy.
Energy Transformation
 In photosynthesis radiant or light energy
from the sun is changed to chemical
energy in the leaf.
Electrical Energy
 Energy of moving electrons
 Invisible but most useful
form
 When the electrons are
separated from positive
charges and then forced
along a closed path in
a conduction material
ex: copper
Energy Transformation

 Electrical energy can come from many

different sources. The sources can be
solar, nuclear, mechanical or generally
chemical. In Texas most of our electricity
comes from the burning of the coal,
lignite. The energy transformation that
takes place would be:
 Lignite (chemical)->moving turbines
(mechanical)->moving electrons
(electrical)-> our homes
Electromagnetic Energy
 Power lines carry electromagnetic
energy into your home in the form of
electricity.
Electromagnetic Energy
 Light is a form of
electromagnetic energy.
 Each color of light (Roy G
Bv) represents a different
amount of
electromagnetic energy.
 Electromagnetic Energy is
also carried by X-rays,
radio waves, and laser
light.
Nuclear Energy

 Thenucleus
of an atom is
the source of
nuclear
energy.
Nuclear Energy

 When the nucleus splits (fission),

nuclear energy is released in the
form of heat energy and light
energy.
 Nuclear energy is also released
when nuclei collide at high speeds
and join (fuse).
Nuclear Energy

The sun’s energy

is produced from
a nuclear fusion
reaction in which
hydrogen nuclei
fuse to form
helium nuclei.
Nuclear Energy

 Nuclear
energy is the
most
concentrated
form of
energy.

Most of us live within 10 miles of the Surry

Nuclear Power Plant which converts nuclear
energy into electromagnetic energy.
Mechanical Energy

 When work is done to an

object, it acquires energy.
The energy it acquires is
known as mechanical energy.
Mechanical Energy

 When you
kick a
football, you
give
mechancal
energy to the
football to
make it move.
Mechanical Energy

When you throw a

balling ball, you
give it energy.
When that
bowling ball hits
the pins, some of
the energy is
transferred to the
pins (transfer of
momentum).
Energy Conversion

 Energy can be changed from one

form to another. Changes in the
form of energy are called energy
conversions.
Energy conversions

 All forms of energy can be

converted into other forms.
 The sun’s energy through solar cells
can be converted directly into
electricity.
 Green plants convert the sun’s energy
(electromagnetic) into starches and
sugars (chemical energy).
Other energy conversions
 In an electric motor, electromagnetic
energy is converted to mechanical
energy.
 In a battery, chemical energy is
converted into electromagnetic energy.
 The mechanical energy of a waterfall is
converted to electrical energy in a
generator.
Energy Conversions
 In an automobile
engine, fuel is
burned to convert
chemical energy
into heat energy.
The heat energy is
then changed into
mechanical
energy.
Chemical  Heat Mechanical
States of Energy

 The most common energy

conversion is the conversion
between potential and kinetic
energy.
 All forms of energy can be in either
of two states:
 Potential
 Kinetic
States of Energy:
Kinetic and Potential Energy

KineticEnergy is the
energy of motion.
Potential Energy is
stored energy.
Kinetic Energy
 The energy of motion is called
kinetic energy.
 The faster an object moves, the
more kinetic energy it has.
 The greater the mass of a moving
object, the more kinetic energy it
has.
 Kinetic energy depends on both
mass and velocity.
Kinetic Energy

 The faster the motion the greater

the kinetic energy. When the roller
coaster starts down the hill it has
kinetic energy. The point where the
car is going the fastest is where the
kinetic energy is the greatest.
Kinetic Energy

K.E. = mass x velocity

2

What has a greater affect of kinetic

energy, mass or velocity? Why?
The greater the mass or velocity of a moving object, the more kinetic energy it has.
Potential Energy

 Potential Energy is stored energy.

 Stored chemically in fuel, the nucleus
of atom, and in foods.
 Or stored because of the work done on
it:
 Stretching a rubber band.
 Winding a watch.

 Pulling back on a bow’s arrow.

 Lifting a brick high in the air.

Potential energy exists whenever an object which has mass
has a position within a force field. The most everyday
example of this is the position of objects in the earth's
gravitational field. The potential energy of an object in this
case is given by the relation:
PE = mgh
PE = Energy (in Joules)
m = mass (in kilograms)
g = gravitational acceleration of the earth (9.8 m/sec2)
h = height above earth's surface (in meters)
Gravitational Potential Energy
 Potential energy
that is dependent
on height is called
gravitational
potential energy.
Gravitational Potential Energy
 A waterfall, a suspension bridge, and a
falling snowflake all have gravitational
potential energy.
Gravitational Potential Energy
 If you stand on a
3-meter diving
board, you have 3
times the G.P.E,
than you had on a
1-meter diving
board.
Gravitational Potential Energy

 “The bigger they are the harder

they fall” is not just a saying. It’s
true. Objects with more mass have
greater G.P.E.
 The formula to find G.P.E. is
G.P.E. = Weight X Height.
Kinetic-Potential Energy Conversion
Roller coasters work because of the energy that is
built into the system. Initially, the cars are pulled
mechanically up the tallest hill, giving them a great
deal of potential energy. From that point, the
conversion between potential and kinetic energy
powers the cars throughout the entire ride.

Potential energy is highest

when the object is at a higher
point, like this roller coaster on
the top of a hill. The higher the
hill the greater the potential
energy.
Potential Energy

 The more mass something has the

greater its potential energy. In the
picture below the man holding the
weight above his head is holding a
lot of potential energy.
Kinetic vs. Potential Energy

At the point of maximum potential energy, the car has

minimum kinetic energy.
Kinetic-Potential Energy Conversions

 As a basketball
player throws the
ball into the air,
various energy
conversions take
place.
Ball slows down Ball speeds up
The Law of Conservation of Energy

 Energy can be neither created nor

destroyed by ordinary means.
 It can only be converted from one form
to another.
 If energy seems to disappear, then
scientists look for it – leading to many
important discoveries.
Law of Conservation of Energy

 In 1905, Albert Einstein said that

mass and energy can be converted
into each other.
 He showed that if matter is
destroyed, energy is created, and if
energy is destroyed mass is
created. 2

 E = MC
Energy sources can be categorized
as renewable or nonrenewable

 When people use electricity in their homes,

the electrical power is probably generated
by burning coal or natural gas, by a nuclear
reaction, or by a hydroelectric plant on a
river, to name just a few sources. When
people fill up a car’s gasoline tank, the
energy source is petroleum (gasoline)
refined from crude oil and may include fuel
ethanol made by growing and processing
corn. Coal, natural gas, nuclear,
hydropower, petroleum, and ethanol are
called energy sources.
Energy sources are divided into
two groups:

 Renewable (an energy source that

can be easily replenished)
 Nonrenewable (an energy source
that cannot be easily replenished)
Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources
can be used as primary energy sources to
produce useful energy such as heat or used
to produce secondary energy sources such
as electricity.
Renewable energy

There are five main renewable energy

sources:
 Solar energy from the sun

 Geothermal energy from heat inside

the earth
 Wind energy

 Biomass from plants

 Hydropower from flowing water

Nonrenewable energy

Most of the energy consumed in the

United States is from nonrenewable
energy sources:
 Petroleum products

 Hydrocarbon gas liquids

 Natural gas

 Coal

 Nuclear energy
HEAT

 Heat is a transfer of thermal

energy caused by a difference
in temperature. This temperature
difference is also called
a temperature gradient. Since heat
is a movement of energy, it is
measured in the same units as
energy: joules (J)
HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
 Heat describes the transfer of
thermal energy between molecules
within a system and is measured
in Joules.Heat measures
how energy moves or flows. An
object can gain heat or lose heat,
but it cannot have heat. Heat is a
measure of change, never a
property possessed by an object or
system. Therefore, it is classified as
a process variable.
HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
 Temperature describes
the average kinetic energy of
molecules within a material or
system and is measured
in Celsius (°C), Kelvin(K), Fahrenhei
t (°F), or Rankine (R). It is a
measurable physical property of an
object—also known as a state
variable. Other measurable physical
properties include velocity, mass,
and density, to name a few.
Methods of heat transfer

 Conduction occurs between objects that are

touching each other.
 Convection is the motion of a fluid driven
by temperature differences across that fluid.
 Radiation occurs without the movement
of matter. Thermal radiation is made of
electromagnetic waves given off by moving
particles.[4] These waves can also be absorbed by
materials. Microwave ovens work by radiation and
the entire surface of the Earth is heated by
the sun's solar radiation.
Identify the method of heat transfer
used:
1. A pot sitting on a hot burner.
2. Using a heating blanket to get
warm.
3. A person placing their cold hands
over a warm fire.
4. Lying out in the sun to get a tan.
5. Putting your wet shoes on a floor
vent to dry them faster.
6. operating a hot air balloon.
Definition of Work W
 The work, W, done by a constant force on an
object is defined as the product of the component
of the force along the direction of displacement and
the magnitude of the displacement

W  ( F cos q )x
 F is the magnitude of the force
 Δ x is the magnitude of the
object’s displacement
F and x
 q is the angle between

June 28, 2019

 Work Unit
 This gives no information about
 the time it took for the displacement to occur
 the velocity or acceleration of the object
 Work is a scalar quantity
 SI Unit 1 2 1
mv  mv0  ( F cos q )x
2

2 2
 Newton • meter = Joule
 N•m=J
 J = kg • m2 / s2 = ( kg • m / s2 ) • m

W  ( F cos q )x

June 28, 2019

 Work: + or -?
 Work can be positive, negative, or zero.
The sign of the work depends on the
direction of the force relative to the
displacement

W  ( F cos q )x
 Work positive: W > 0 if 90°> q > 0°
 Work negative: W < 0 if 180°> q > 90°
 Work zero: W = 0 if q = 90°
 Work maximum if q = 0°
 Work minimum if q = 180°
June 28, 2019
 Example: When Work is Zero
 A man carries a bucket of
water horizontally at constant
velocity.
 The force does no work on the
bucket
 Displacement is horizontal
 Force is vertical
 cos 90° = 0

W  ( F cos q )x
June 28, 2019
Example: Work Can Be
Positive or Negative

 Work is positive when

lifting the box
 Work would be negative if
lowering the box
 The force would still be
upward, but the displacement
would be downward

June 28, 2019