Basics of Bio Medical

Instrumentation
 Synopsis
• Bio Potential and Electrodes
 Bio Potentials
• The science of structure of the body is known as “Anatomy” and that of its function, “Physiology”.

Anatomy is classified according to the following basis:

• Gross anatomy deals with the study of the structure of the organs as seen by the naked eye on
dissection. It describes the shape, size, components and appearance of the organ under study.

• Topographical anatomy deals with the position of the organs in relation to each other, as they are
• seen in sections through the body in different planes.
• Microscopic anatomy (Histology) is the study of the minute structure of the organs by means of
microscopy.
• Cytology is a special field of histology in which the structure, function and development of the cells are
studied.
• Similarly, physiology, which relates to the normal function of the organs of the body, can be classified in
different ways. For example:
• Cell physiology is the study of the functions of the cells.
• Pathophysiology relates to the pathological (study or symptoms of disease) functions of the organs.
• In addition, classification into various sub-areas dealing with different organs can be made.
• For example:
• Circulatory physiology is the study of blood circulation relating to functioning of the heart.
• Respiratory physiology deals with the functioning of breathing organs.
 Cardio Vascular System
• The heart has four valves (Fig. 1.1):
• • The Tricuspid valve or right atrio-ventricular valve—between right atrium and
ventricle. It
• consists of three flaps or cusps. It prevents backward flow of blood from right
ventricle to
• right atrium.
• • Bicuspid Mitral or left atrio-ventricular valve—between left atrium and left
ventricle.
• The valve has two flaps or cusps. It prevents backward flow of blood from left
ventricle to
• atrium.
• • Pulmonary valve—at the right ventricle. It consists of three half moon shaped
cusps. This
• does not allow blood to come back to the right ventricle.
• • Aortic valve—between left ventricle and aorta. Its construction is like pulmonary
valve.
• This valve prevents the return of blood back to the left ventricle from aorta.
Structure of Heart (Fig 1.1)
• The heart wall consists of three layers: (i) The
pericardium, which is the outer layer of the heart.
• It keeps the outer surface moist and prevents friction
as the heart beats. (ii) The myocardium is the
• middle layer of the heart. It is the main muscle of the
heart, which is made up of short cylindrical
• fibres. This muscle is automatic in action, contracting
and relaxing rythmically throughout life.
• (iii) The endocardiumis the inner layer of the heart. It
provides smooth lining for the blood to flow.
• There are three types of blood vessels. (i) Arteries—are
thick walled and they carry the
• oxygenated blood away from the heart. (ii) Veins—are
thin walled and carry de-oxygenated bloodtowards the
heart.
• (iii) Capillaries—are the smallest and the last level of
blood vessels. They are so small that the blood cells,
which make blood, actually flow one at a time through
them. There are estimated to be over 800,000 km of
capillaries in human being, which include all the
arteries and veins, which carry blood.
 Circulation System
• pulmonary circulation
• systemic circulation
Respiratory System
• The lungs are connected to the outside
environment through a passage way
comprising nasal cavities,
Nervous System
Cut way section of Human Brain
Structure of Neuron
Sources of Bio Medical Signals
• Bioelectric Signals
• Bioacoustic Signals
• Biomechanical Signals
• Biochemical Signals
• Biomagnetic Signals
• Bio-optical Signals
• Bio-impedance Signals
Block Diagram of Bio Medical
Instrumentation