Philippine Grid Code

What? Mandate promulgated by the ERC (Energy Regulatory Commission)

which establishes and documents the basic rules, requirements, procedures and standards
that govern the operation, maintenance and development of the high-voltage backbone
transmission system in the Philippines which shall include, but not limited to:
a.) Performance Standards for TRANSCO O & M Concessionaire, distribution utilities
and suppliers, and
b.) Financial Capability Standards for the generating companies, the TRANSCO,
distribution utilities and suppliers

When? On March 2, 2002

Why? To ensure safe, reliable and efficient operation of the Grid
• Who? The Philippine Grid Code identifies and recognizes the
responsibilities and obligations of three (3) key independent
functional groups:
a.) Transmission Network Provider
b.) System Operator
c.) Market Operator
 Power Quality Standards
Frequency Variations
• The nominal fundamental Frequency shall be 60 Hz.
• Must be within the ±0.3 Hz limits during N-0 conditions and ± 0.6 Hz
during N-1 conditions.

• In case the Power System Frequency momentarily rises to 62.4 Hz or

falls to 57.6Hz all Generating Units, shall remain in synchronism with
the Grid for at least five (5) seconds.
 Power Quality Standards
Voltage Variations
A Short Duration Voltage Variation - a variation of the RMS value of
the Voltage from nominal Voltage for a time greater than one-half cycle
of the power Frequency but not exceeding one minute.
• Voltage Swell if the RMS value of the Voltage increases to between 110
percent and 180 percent of the nominal value.
• Voltage Sag if the RMS value of the Voltage decreases to between 10 percent
and 90 percent of the nominal value.
A Long Duration Voltage Variation - a variation of the RMS value of the
Voltage from nominal Voltage for a time greater than one minute.
• Under-voltage if the RMS value of the Voltage is less than or equal to 90
percent of the nominal voltage.
• Overvoltage if the RMS value of the voltage is greater than or equal to 110
percent of the nominal value.
 Power Quality Standards
Voltage Variations
• The Transmission Network Provider and the System Operator shall ensure that
the Long Duration Voltage Variations result in the RMS values of the voltages that
are greater than 95 percent but less than 105 percent of the nominal Voltage at
any Connection Point during N-0 conditions.

• During Single Outage Contingencies (N-1), the RMS values of the voltages
shall not result in an Under-voltage or Overvoltage at any Connection
Point.
• The Transmission Network Provider shall consider the maximum estimated
Voltage Swell in the selection of the Voltage ratings of Grid Equipment.
 Power Quality Standards
Power Factor
• Distribution Utilities and Large Customers shall maintain a Power
Factor at the Connection Point within the range 0.90 lagging and 0.95
leading.
• The Transmission Network Provider shall correct transmission and
substation bus Reactive Power Demand to a level that will
economically reduce the Technical Loss of the Grid.
 Power Quality Standards
Harmonics (sinusoidal voltages and currents having frequencies
that are integral multiples of the fundamental Frequency)

• Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) - the ratio of the root mean-

square(RMS) value of the sum of the squared individual harmonic
amplitudes to the RMS value of the fundamental Frequency of a
complex waveform.

• The Total Demand Distortion (TDD) - the total root-sum square

harmonic current distortion, in percent of the maximum Demand load
current (15 or 30 min. Demand).
 Power Quality Standards
Harmonics (sinusoidal voltages and currents having frequencies
that are integral multiples of the fundamental Frequency)
 Power Quality Standards
Voltage Unbalance

• The maximum Negative Sequence Unbalance Factor at the

Connection Point of any User shall not exceed one (1) percent during
normal operating conditions.

• The maximum Zero Sequence Unbalance Factor at the Connection

Point of any User shall not exceed one (1) percent during normal
operating conditions.
 Power Quality Standards
Voltage Fluctuation and Flicker Severity
• The Voltage Fluctuation at any Connection Point with a fluctuating
Demand shall not exceed one percent (1%) of the nominal Voltage for
every step change, which may occur repetitively. Any large Voltage
Fluctuation other than a step change may be allowed up to a level of
three percent (3%) provided that this does not constitute a risk to the
Grid or to the Power System of any User.
 Power Quality Standards
Transient Voltage Variations

Transient Voltages - High-Frequency Overvoltages that are generally

shorter in duration compared to the Short Duration Voltage Variations.

• Infrequent short-duration peaks may be permitted to exceed the level

specified in PST 3.2.4 or harmonic distortions provided that such
increases do not compromise service to other End-Users or cause
damage to any Grid Equipment.
• Infrequent short-duration peaks with a maximum value of two
percent (2%) may be permitted for Voltage Unbalance, subject to the
terms of the Connection Agreement or Amended Connection
Agreement.
 Power Quality Standards
Grounding Requirements
• At nominal voltages of 115 kV and above, the Grid shall be effectively
grounded with an Earth Fault Factor of less than 1.4.
• At nominal voltages below 115 kV, the Transmission Network Provider
shall specify the Grounding requirements and the applicable Earth
Fault Factor at the Connection Point.
Equipment Standards
• All Equipment at the Connection Point shall comply with the
requirements of the IEC Standards or their equivalent national
standards.
• All Equipment at the Connection Point shall be designed,
manufactured, and tested in accordance with the quality assurance
requirements of the ISO 9000 series.
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