FIRST AID

Training for
first responders
FIRST
AID •Immediate care given
to a person who has
been injured or
suddenly taken ill

•Includes self-help or
home care if medical
assistance is not
available or delayed
 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
OF A FIRST RESPONDER
1. Bridge that fills the gap between the
patient/victim and the physician
2.Ensure safety of him/herself and that of
bystander.
3.Gain access to the patient/victim.
4.Determine any threats to patient/victim’s life.
 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
OF A FIRST RESPONDER
5.Summon more advanced medical care as
needed.
6.Provide needed care for the patient/victim.
7.Assist more advanced personnel.
8.Record all finding and care given to the
patient/victim.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
FIRST RESPONDER
1. GENTLE should not cause pain.

2. RESOURCEFUL should make the best use

of things at hand

3. OBSERVANT should notice all signs

 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
FIRST RESPONDER
4. TACTFUL should not alarm the victim

5. EMPATHETIC should be comforting

6. RESPECTABLE should maintain a

professional & caring
attitude
 OBJECTIVES OF
FIRST AID

1. To alleviate suffering

2. To prevent added/further injury or danger

3. To prolong life
 HINDRANCES IN GIVING
FIRST AID
1. Unfavorable
Surroundings

2. The Presence of Crowds

3. Pressure from Victim

or Relatives
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES AND
THE FIRST RESPONDER
How diseases are transmitted:

1. DIRECT CONTACT Occurs when a person

touches an infected person’s body fluids

2. INDIRECT CONTACT Occurs when a person

touches objects that have been contaminated by
the blood or other body fluids of an infected
person
 TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES
AND THE FIRST RESPONDER
3. AIRBORNE Occurs when a person
inhales infected droplets that have become
airborne as an infected person coughs or
sneezes

4. VECTOR Occurs when an animal transmits

a pathogen into the body through a bite
DISEASES THAT CAUSE CONCERN
Disease Signs and Symptoms Infective Material

HERPES Lesions, general ill feeling, Broken skin, mucous

sore throat membranes

MENINGITIS Respiratory illness, sore Food and water, mucus

throat, nausea, vomiting

TUBERCULOSIS Weight loss, night sweats, Saliva, airborne droplets

occasional fever, general ill
feeling
DISEASES THAT CAUSE CONCERN
Disease Signs and Symptoms Infective Material

HEPATITIS Flulike, jaundice Blood, saliva, semen, feces,

food, water, other products

HIV Fever, night sweats, weight Blood, semen, vaginal fluid

loss, chronic diarrhea,
severe fatigue, shortness of
breath, swollen lymph
nodes, lesions
 BODY
SUBSTANCE
ISOLATION
•Precautions taken to isolate or prevent risk of
exposure from any other type of bodily substance
 BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND
PRACTICES

PERSONAL HYGIENE
BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND
PRACTICES
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND
PRACTICES
Equipment cleaning and
disinfecting
 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
1. Basic Equipment
• Spine Board and Spider
Strap
 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
 Short Board / Kendrick’s Extrication
Device
 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES

• Sets of Splints
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES

•Poles and Blankets

 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
2. Suggested First Aid Kit Contents (Basic)
• Rubbing Alcohol
 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
• Povidone Iodine
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES

• Cotton balls
 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
• Gauze Pads
 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
• Tongue Depressor
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES

• Penlight
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
• Band Aid
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES

• Gloves
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
• Scissors
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
• Forceps
 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
• Bandages (triangular)
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES

• Elastic Roller bandages

 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES

• Occlusive Dressings
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPLIES
• Plaster
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
3. Other materials commonly used in First Aid
• DRESSING any sterile cloth material used
to cover the wound

Other uses of dressing:

 Controls bleeding.
 Protects the wound from infection.
 Absorbs liquid from the wound such
as blood plasma, water and pus.
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
3. Other materials commonly used in First Aid
• BANDAGE any clean cloth material, sterile or not,
used to hold the dressing in place

Other uses of bandage:

 Controls bleeding.
 Tie splints in place.
 Immobilize body part.
 For arm support – use as sling.
H
U
M
A
N
B
O
D
Y
ANATOMICAL
POSITION
 BODY SYSTEMS

NERVOUS SYSTEM
is the system that
transmits impulses
throughout the body
BODY SYSTEMS
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM is the system that
supplies oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
from the blood
BODY SYSTEMS
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
is the system that
transports oxygen,
food and water, and
removes waste
products
BODY SYSTEMS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
is the system that
absorbs food and
eliminate some
waste products
 BODY SYSTEMS
URINARY SYSTEM is the system that removes
waste products
BODY SYSTEMS
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM is the system that
propagates species
BODY SYSTEMS
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
is the system that gives form to
the body, allow bodily movement,
provide protection to the vital
internal organs, produce red
blood cells and serves as a
reservoir of calcium, phosphorus
and other important body
chemicals
BODY SYSTEMS
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM is the system that
controls body temperature and appreciate
sensation
 BODY REGIONS
Cranial Cavity - Brain
Spinal Cavity - Spinal Cord
Thoracic Cavity - Lungs - Heart
Abdominal Cavity - Liver - Kidneys
- Pancreas - Spleen
- Stomach - Intestines
Pelvic Cavity - Bladder - Rectum
- Reproductive Organs
 GUIDELINES IN GIVING
EMERGENCY CARE
GETTING STARTED
1. PLANNING OF ACTION

2. GATHERING OF NEEDED MATERIALS

 GUIDELINES IN GIVING
EMERGENCY CARE
3. Remember the initial response as follows:
• A– ASK FOR HELP
• I – INTERVENE
• D– DO NO FURTHER HARM
 GUIDELINES IN GIVING
EMERGENCY CARE

4. INSTRUCTION TO HELPER/S
Proper information and instruction to a
helper/s would provide organized first aid care.
Emergency Action Principles

1. SURVEY THE SCENE

• Is the scene safe?
• What happened?
• How many people are injured?
• Are there bystanders who can help?
• Identify yourself as a trained first aider?
• Get consent to give care
 ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
2.
& TRANSPORT FACILITY
• Depending on the situation

- CALL FIRST or CARE FIRST

- A bystander should make the telephone call for help
(if available).
- A bystander will be requested to call for a physician.
- Somebody will be asked to arrange for transfer
facility
 ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE &
2.
TRANSPORT FACILITY
• IF A LONE RESPONDER
 CALL FIRST (Activate Medical Assistance before
providing care) If:
- An unconscious adult victim or child 8 years
old or older.
- An unconscious infant or child known to be at
a high risk for heart problems.
 ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE &
2.
TRANSPORT FACILITY
• IF A LONE RESPONDER
 CARE FIRST (provide first aid for 1-2 minutes and then
call fast) If:
- An unconscious victim less than 8 years old;
- Cardiac Arrest in children known to be at high risk of
arrythmias
- Any victim of submersion or near drowning
- Any victim of arrest associated with trauma
- Any victim of drug overdose
2. ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE &
TRANSPORT FACILITY
• Information to be remembered in activating medical
assistance:
- What happened?
- Location?
- Number of persons injured?
- Extent of injury and first aid given
- The telephone number from where you are calling?
- Person who activated medical assistance must
identify him/herself and drop the phone last.
3. DO A PRIMARY SURVEY
• Check for RESPONSIVENESS

• Check for AIRWAY

Ways in opening the airway

1. Head Tilt-Chin Lift Maneuver
2. Jaw Thrust Maneuver
3. DO A PRIMARY SURVEY

• Check for BREATHING

• Check for CIRCULATION

4. DO A SECONDARY SURVEY
• Interview the victim
- Ask the victim’s name
- Ask what happened
- Assess the SAMPLE history
• SAMPLE history
IGNS AND SYMPTOMS

LLERGIES

EDICATION/S

AST MEDICAL HISTORY

AST ORAL INTAKE

VENT/S PRIOR TO INJURY

• Check the vital signs
- Determine radial or carotid pulse (pulse rate)

Adult 60 – 90/ minute

Child 80 – 100/ minute

Infant 100 – 120/ minute

• Check the vital signs
- Determine breathing (respiration rate)
Adult 12 - 20/minute

Child 18 – 25/minute

Infant 25 – 35/minute
- Determine skin appearance
Look at the victim’s face and lips.
Record skin appearance, temperature,
moisture, and color.

• Do head-to-toe examination looking for

DCAP-BTLS
DCAP - BTLS
EFORMITY URN

ONTUSION ENDERNESS

ACERATION
BRASION

UNCTURE WELLING
• Check and compare pupils of both eyes
a. Dilated pupils - involve bleeding and state of shock

b. Constricted pupils - may mean heat stroke or drug

overdose

c. Unequal pupil-may mean head injury or stroke

• Check for fluid or blood in ears, nose and mouth.

• Gently feel the sides of the neck for signs of

injury.
• Check and compare both collar bones and
shoulders.
• Check the chest and rib cage.
• Check the patient’s abdomen for tenderness by
pressing lightly with flat part of your fingers.
• Check the hipbone by pressing slowly
downward and inward for possible fracture.
• Check one leg at a time.
• Check one arm at a time.

• Check the spinal column by placing the victim

into side lying down position and press gently
from the cervical to the lumbar for possible
injury.

•Record all the assessments including the time.

•Keep the patient lying down his/her head level
with his/her feet.
•Keep the patient warm and guard against
chilling.
 GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING
EMERGENCY CARE
1. What to DO:
 Do obtain consent when possible.
 Do think the worst. It’s best to administer first
aid for the gravest possibility.
 Do remember to identify yourself to the victim.
 Do provide comfort and emotional support.
 Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical
privacy.
 GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING
EMERGENCY CARE
• Do be calm and as direct as possible.
• Do care for the most serious injuries first.
• Do assist the victim with his or her prescription
medication.
• Do keep onlookers away from the injured person.
• Do handle the victim to a minimum.
• Do loosen tight clothing.
 GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING
EMERGENCY CARE
2. What NOT TO DO:
 Do not let the victim see his/her own injury.
 Do not leave the victim alone except to get
help.
 Do not assume that the victim’s obvious
injuries are the only ones.
 Do not make any unrealistic promises.
 Do not trust the judgment of a confused
victim and require them to make decision.
PATIENT/CASUALTY HANDLING
EMERGENCY RESCUE is a rapid
movement of patient from unsafe place to a
place of safety.

Indications for Emergency Rescue

1. Danger of fire or explosion
2. Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia due to lack
of oxygen
PATIENT/CASUALTY HANDLING
Indications for Emergency
Rescue
3. Serious traffic hazards
4. Risk of drowning
5. Danger of electrocution
6. Danger of collapsing
walls
PATIENT/CASUALTY HANDLING
Methods of Rescue

1. For immediate rescue without any

assistance, drag or pull the victim.
2. Most of the one-man drags/carries and
other transfer methods can be used as
methods of rescue.
PATIENT/CASUALTY HANDLING

TRANSFER
moving a patient from one place to
another after giving first aid
 Factors to be considered in the selection
of choosing the transfer method:
1. Nature and severity of the injury
2. Size of the victim
3. Physical capabilities of the first aider
4. Number of personnel and equipment available
5. Nature of evacuation route
6. Distance to be covered
7. Gender of the victims (last consideration)
 Pointers to be observed
during transfer
1. Victim’s airway must be maintained open.
2. Hemorrhage is controlled.
3. Victim is safely maintained in the proper
position.
4. Regular check of the victim’s condition is
made.
5. Supporting bandages and dressings remain
effectively applied.
 Pointers to be observed
during transfer
6. The method of transfer is safe, comfortable
and as speedy as circumstances permit.
7. The patient’s body is moved as one unit.
8. The taller first aiders stay at the head side of
the victim.
9. First aiders/bearers must observe ergonomics
in lifting and moving of patient.
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
1. One man assist/carries/drags
• Assist to walk
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
• Carry in arms (cradle)
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
• Pack strap carry
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
• Piggy back carry
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
• Fireman’s carry
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
• Fireman’s drag
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
• Armpits/shoulder drag
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
• Foot drag
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
2. Two man assist/carries
• Assist to walk
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
• Four-hand seat
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
• Hands as a litter
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
• Carry by extremities
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
• Fireman’s Carry with Assistance
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
3. Three man carries
• Hammock carry
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
3. Three man carries
• Bearers alongside
 METHODS OF TRANSFER
4. Improvised Stretcher using two poles with:

• Blanket
• Empty Sacks
• Shirts or coats
• Triangular Bandages
 INITIAL
TRIAGE
AND
TAGGING
TRIAGE is a process used in sorting
patients/victims into categories of priority for
care and transport based on the severity of
injuries and medical emergencies
 TAGGING OF PATIENT
RED TAG
Priority one; needs immediate care; life
threatening
 TAGGING OF PATIENT
YELLOW TAG
Priority two; needs urgent care; can delay
transport and treatment to one hour
 TAGGING OF PATIENT
GREEN TAG
Priority three; delayed care; can delay
transport up to three hours
 TAGGING OF PATIENT
BLACK TAG
Priority four; no care required;
patient/victim is dead
 INITIAL TRIAGE
AND TAGGING

Cardinal rule of TRIAGE

TO DO GOOD FOR THE GREATEST

NUMBER
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

WOUND is a break in the

continuity of a tissue of the
body either internal or external.
 Closed wound
Causes:
• Blunt object result in contusion or bruises
• Application of external forces
Signs and symptoms
• Pain and tenderness
• Swelling, discoloration and hematoma
• Vomiting or coughing up blood
• Passage of blood in the urine or feces
• Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear
canal
• Uncontrolled restlessness
• Thirst
• Symptoms of shock
swelling discoloration

hematoma
 first aid
management
OLD
COMPRESSION

PLINTING
open wound
1. PUNCTURE WOUND
-Deep and narrow, serious or slight bleeding
Causes:
penetrating pointed instruments such as nails,
ice picks, daggers and etc.
2. ABRASION WOUND
- Shallow, wide,
oozing of blood and
dirty

Causes:
scrapping or rubbing
against rough
surfaces.
3. LACERATED WOUND
- torn with irregular
edges, serious or slight
bleeding
Causes:
blunt instruments
such as shrapnel,
rocks, broken glasses
etc.
4. AVULSION WOUND
- Tissue forcefully
separated from the
body.

Causes:
explosion, animal
bites, mishandling of
tools and etc.
5. INCISION WOUND
- Clean cut, deep,
severe bleeding,
wound is clean.
Causes:
sharp bladed
instruments such as
blades razors and
etc.
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
IN WOUND w/ SEVERE BLEEDING

1. Control bleeding
2. Cover the wound w/ dressing and secure w/
a bandage.
3. Care for shock
4. Consult or refer to physician.
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
IN WOUND w/ BLEEDING NOT SEVERE
1. Clean the wound with
soap and water

2. Apply mild antiseptics

3. Cover wound with

dressing and bandage
 REMINDERS
1. All wounds must be thoroughly inspected
and covered w/ a dressing to control
bleeding and prevent further contamination.
2. Once bleeding is controlled by compression ,
the limb should be splinted to further control
the bleeding, stabilize the injured part,
minimize the victim’s pain and facilitate the
patient’s transport to the hospital.
3. As with closed soft tissue injuries, the injured
part should be elevated to just above the level
of the victim’s heart to minimize severity.
4. Amputated body parts should be saved,
wrapped in a dry gauze, placed in a plastic
bag, kept cool, and transported w/ the
patient.
5. Don’t induce further bleeding to clean the
wound.
6. Don’t use absorbent cotton as a dressing.
 BURNS
- Is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones,
nerves and blood vessels. This results from heat,
chemicals, electricity or solar or other forms of radiation.
COMMON CAUSES

1. Carelessness with match and cigarette

smoking.
2. Scald from hot liquid.
3. Defective heating, cooking, and electrical
equipment.
4. Immersion in overheated bath water
5. Use of such chemicals as lye, strong acids and
strong detergents.
 TYPES OF BURN INJURIES

1. THERMAL BURN – not all thermal burns

are caused by flames. Contact w/ hot
objects, flammable vapor that ignites and
causes a flash or an explosion and steams or
hot liquid are other common causes of
burns.
 FACTORS TO DETERMINE THE
SERIOUSNESS OF THERMAL BURNS

1. THE DEPTH – the deeper the burn, the

more severe it is. Three depth classifications
are used.
• Superficial/ First Degree Burn
• Partial Thickness / Second Degree Burn
• Full Thickness / Third Degree Burn
DEPTH
1. First Degree Burn
>involve only the top
layer of the skin, the
epidermis. The skin is
red and painful.
2.Second Degree Burn
>involves the epidermis
and some portions of
the dermis. Blister is
the first sign of 2nd
degree burn.
3.Third Degree Burn

>extend through all skin

layers and may involve
subcutaneous layers,
muscle, bone, or internal
organs. The burned area
is dry and leathery and
may appear white, dark
brown, or even charred.
2.THE EXTENT TO THE AFFECTED BODY
SURFACE AREA – this means estimating
how much body surface area the burn covers.

3. LOCATION OF THE BURN – burns on the

face, hands, feet, and genitals are more severe
than on other body parts.

4. VICTIM’S AGE & MEDICAL CONDITION

– determine if other injuries or preexisting
medical problems exist or the victim is elderly
(over 55 years old) or very young (under 5 years
old)
RULES OF NINE
>a method of
estimating the
extent of body
surface that
has been
burned.
CARE FOR THERMAL BURNS
Care for First and
Second Degree Burns

•Relieve pain by
immersing the burned
area in cold water or by
applying a wet, cold cloth.

• Cover the burn with a

dry, non-sticking sterile or
a clean cloth.
 CARE FOR THERMAL BURNS
Care for Third Degree Burns
• Cover the burn area with a dry, non-sticking
sterile dressing or a clean cloth.
• Treat the victim for shock by elevating the
legs and keeping the victim warm with a
clean sheet or blanket.
2. CHEMICAL
BURN
– chemicals will
continue to cause
tissue destruction
until the chemical
agent is removed
 CARE FOR CHEMICAL BURNS
• Immediately remove the chemical by
flushing with water.
• Remove the victim’s contaminated
clothing while flushing with water.
• Flush for 20 minutes or longer. Let the
victim wash with mild soap before a final
rinse.
 CARE FOR CHEMICAL BURNS
• Cover the burned area with a dry
dressing or for large areas a clean pillow
case
• If the chemical is in the eye, flood it for at
least 20 minutes using low pressure.
• Seek medical attention immediately
3. ELECTRICAL BURNS
– the injury severity
from exposure to
electrical current
depends on the type
of the current
(direct or altering),
the voltage, the area
of the body exposed
and the duration of
contact.
 CARE FOR ELECTRICAL BURNS

• Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power. If

that is impossible, call the Power Company or
ask help.
• Check the ABC’s. Provide RB or CPR if necessary
• If the victim fell, check for spine injury.
• Treat the victim for shock.
• Seek medical attention immediately. Electrical
injuries are treated in burn center.
 SPECIFIC BODY INJURIES

Blows to the Eye Nose Injuries

Knocked-out Tooth Impaled Objects

Always Always Always
FIRST READY THERE
 SPECIFIC BODY INJURIES

Amputation Sucking Chest

Wound

Abdominal Injuries
 BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
Use of Triangular Bandage
Open Phase
1. Head (topside)
 BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
Use of Triangular Bandage
Open Phase
2. Face; Back of the Head
 BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
Use of Triangular Bandage
Open Phase
3. Chest; Back of chest
 BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
Use of Triangular Bandage
Open Phase
4. Hand; Foot
 BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
Use of Triangular Bandage
Cravat Phase
1. Forehead; Eye
 BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
Use of Triangular Bandage
Cravat Phase
2. Ear; Cheek; Jaw
 BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
Use of Triangular Bandage
Cravat Phase
3. Shoulder; Hip
 BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
Use of Triangular Bandage
Cravat Phase
4. Arm; Leg
 BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
Use of Triangular Bandage
Cravat Phase
5. Elbow; Knee (straight; bent)

Elbow Bended Elbow Straight

 BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
Use of Triangular Bandage
Cravat Phase
6. Palm Pressure Bandage
 BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
Use of Triangular Bandage
Cravat Phase
7. Palm Bandage of Open Hand
 BANDAGING
TECHNIQUES
Use of Roller Bandage
1. Spiral
2. Figure of Eight
3. Recurrent with Spiral Turns
GUIDELINES IN USING DRESSING
AND BANDAGES

1.Use a dressing that is large enough to extend

at least 1 inch beyond the edges of the wound.

2.If body tissue or organs are exposed, cover the

wound with a dressing that will not stick, such as
plastic wrap or moistened gauze. Then secure
the dressing with a bandage or adhesive tapes.
GUIDELINES IN USING DRESSING
AND BANDAGES

3. If the bandage is over a joint, splint and

makes a bulky dressing so the joint remains
immobilized. If there is no movement of a
wound over the joint, there should be improved
healing and reduced scarring.
GUIDELINES IN USING DRESSING
AND BANDAGES

4. A bandage should fit snugly but should not

cut off circulation or cause the victim
discomfort. If the area beyond the wound
changes color begins to tingle or feel cold, or if
the wound starts to swell, the bandage is too
tight and should be loosened.
GUIDELINES IN USING DRESSING
AND BANDAGES

5. Bandaging techniques depends upon:

•Size and location of the wound
•Your first aid skills
•Materials at hand
 BONES, JOINTS AND MUSCLE
INJURIES
Common Causes
Vehicular accidents
Motorbike accidents
Mishandling of tools and equipment
Falls
Sports
 BONES, JOINTS AND MUSCLE
INJURIES
Signs and Symptoms
•Pain, Bruising, Swelling
•Misshapen appearance and obvious deformity
•Exposed bone; Pale, bluish skin; loss of pulse in
an injured limb
•Numbness furthers down the arm or leg
 Muscle
cramps/spasm

Is the sudden,
painful tightening of
a muscle
 Muscle
cramps/spasm
First Aid Management:
• Have the victim stretch out the affected
muscle to counteract the cramp.
• Massage the cramped muscle firmly but
gently.
• Apply heat. Moist heat is more effective than
dry heat.
• Get medical help if cramps persist.
 Muscle strain

Is the sudden, painful tearing of muscle fiber

during exertion

Signs and Symptoms:

•Pain, Swelling
•Bruising
•Loss of efficient movement
 Muscle strain

First Aid Management:

• Apply cold compresses at once.
• Elevate the limb to reduce swelling and
bleeding within the muscle. Rest the pulled
muscle for 24 hours.
• Get medical help.
 sprain
Is caused by torn fibers in a ligament
Signs and Symptoms:
•Swelling
•Bruising
 sprain
First Aid Management:
• Remove any clothing or jewelry from around the
joint.
• Apply cold compresses at once.
• Elevate the affected joint with pillow or clothing.
• The victim’s physician may recommend an over
the counter anti-inflammatory medication
(aspirin, ibuprofen) appropriates for the victim’s
general health
 dislocation
is the displacement of a bone from its normal
position at a joint
 FRACTURE
Is a break or disruption in bone tissue
Signs and symptoms
•Pain
•Misshapen appearance
•Swelling
•Loss of function
 FRACTURE
First Aid Management:
• Check the victim’s ABC.
• Keep the victim still.
• Prevent infection by covering with a sterile dressing
before immobilizing.
• Splint or sling the injury in the position, which you
found it.
• Take steps to prevent shock.
• Get medical help.
COMMON MEDICAL
EMERGENCIES
 SEIZURE
• Is a sudden involuntary muscle contraction,
usually due to uncontrolled electrical activity
in the brain.
 SEIZURE
Signs and Symptoms:
• Local tingling or twitching in the body part
• Loss of consciousness or confused behavior
• Drooling
• Temporary cessation
of breathing
 FEBRILE SEIZURE
A high temperature does not necessarily mean
the victim is seriously ill. Some children,
however, have febrile seizure when a high fever
is rising
 SEIZURE
However, you should call physician when
someone having a seizure also-
• Is pregnant
• Carries identification as a diabetic
• Is in the water and has swallowed large
amounts of water
 SEIZURE

What to do?
 SEIZURE
What to do
Provide safe
environment.
Remove all sharp
objects and
cushion the head.
 SEIZURE
What to do
Check ABC’s
 SEIZURE
What to do
Provide privacy.
 SEIZURE
What to do
Loosen tight
clothing.
 SEIZURE
What to do
Place patient/victim in side lying
position if without spinal injury.
 SEIZURE
What to do
Transport
immediately to
nearest health
facility.
 NOSE BLEEDING

hemorrhage from the nose,

usually due to rupture of small
vessels overlying the anterior part of
the cartilaginous nasal septum.
 NOSE BLEEDING
Causes
• Hypertension
• Trauma
• Dengue
• Vitamin deficiency
• Bleeding problems
 NOSE BLEEDING
Signs and symptoms
• Bleeding from the nose
• Vomiting of blood
NOSE BLEEDING

What to do?
 NOSE BLEEDING
What to do
1. Keep the victim in a
sitting position to reduce
blood pressure.
 NOSE BLEEDING
What to do
2. Keep the
victim’s head
tilted slightly
forward.
 NOSE BLEEDING
What to do
3. Pinch the
middle part of the
nose for 5
minutes.
 NOSE BLEEDING
What to do
4. Advise the victim
to breathe through
his or her mouth.
 NOSE BLEEDING
What to do
5. Apply cold
compress to the
nose and forehead.
 NOSE BLEEDING
What to do
6. Bring the patient
to the nearest
hospital if bleeding
does not stop.
 DIABETES
is a condition that
affects the way
the body uses
food. It causes the
sugar level in the
blood to be too
high
 TYPES OF EMERGENCY
DIABETES
HYPOGLYCEMIA/ INSULIN SHOCK
occurs when too much insulin is in the body

Signs and symptoms

Fast breathing
Fast pulse
Dizziness
Weakness
Change in the level of consciousness
 TYPES OF EMERGENCY
DIABETES
HYPERGLYCEMIA/DIABETIC COMA
happens when there is too much sugar
and too little insulin in the blood, and
body cells do not get enough
nourishment
HYPERGLYCEMIA/DIABETIC
COMA
Signs and Symptoms
• Dehydration
• Deep and fast breathing
• Thirst
• Change of consciousness
First Aid Management:
• Give any fully conscious person in
diabetic emergency sugar-candy,
fruit, juice, or a soft drink containing
sugar.
• If the person is unconscious, check
ABC’s and call for a physician.
• Immediate transport to the hospital.