Fisiologi Elektrolit
Fisiologi Elektrolit
PENDAHULUAN
Elektrolit mempunyai fungsi fisiologi yang sangat krusial dan
mendasar terhadap :
- Keseimbangan cairan tubuh
- kemampuan tubuh memproduksi energy
- mengaktivasi aktivitas elektrik sel
- aktivitas neurohumoral sel
- keseimbangan elektrolitmenjadi
sangat penting terutama pada keadaan sakit
kritis
PENDAHULUAN
Dipengaruhi
Penggunaan Lebih atau
manipulasi obat/cairan
Kurang
(iatrogenik)
K+
Na+
Mg 2+ Ca 2+
Cl-
Phosphates
HCO3-
Proteins
Hormones and Renal
Reabsorption of Na
Hormone Major Stimulus Major Nephron Major Effect
Site
Angiotensin II or Low ECF volume Proximal Enhanced reabsorption
B adrenergics via convoluted tubule of NaHCO3 and thereby
renin release NaCl
Aldosterone Angiotensin II Cortical distal Reabsorption of NaCl
Hyperkalemia nephron Secretion of K
Hyponatre
mia
Kehilangan Na yang
↑ ADH+ gangguan
masive (keringat,
pada renal diluting
muntah
capacity
Luka bakar,diuretik)
Sodium (Na+)
• Hyponatremia
• Serum sodium level < 135 mEq/L
• Symptoms : irritability, poor feeding, nausea and
vomiting, lethargy, seizures, and eventually coma and
death
A change in mental
status and other
neurological signs are
important clues to the
need for emergent
treatment
Causes of Hyponatremia
Normovolemia Hypervolemia Hypovolemia
SIADH Congestive Heart Diarrhea
Failure
Adrenal Renal failure Vomiting
Insufficienc
y
Central Nervous Nephrotic Syndrome Burns
Sytem Disease
Pulmonary Disease Cirrhosis Pancreatitis
Treatment of Hyponatremia
Neurologic changes (serum sodium<120 mEq/L) : 1,2 mL/kg aliquot
of 3% NaCl will raise the level by 1 mEq/L
if hypertonic solution is unavailable : 20 mL/kg bolus of n
o
rm
a
l
saline (0.9% NS)
Slow correction : 0.6 x (Wt in kg) x (target Na – measured Na) = Total
mEq of Na required
12 mEq/L per day (0.5 mEq/L every hour)
•Serum Na < 120, CNSsymptoms
Amount of 3# NaCl: (Desired Na-observed Na) x wt x
0.6L/kg
0.5mEq/L
Remember 3% NaCl (0.5mEqNa/ml)
The infusion should be given at a rate to increase the
serum sodium by no more than 5 mEq/L/h and is often
given more slowly over the course of 3–4h
Sign & Symptoms : irritability, lethargy, seizures, fever, renal failure, and
rhabdomyolisis
In infants, these symptoms mimic those of infections and sepsis
Hypernate
mia
• Kehilangan cairan yang berlebihan dan intake yang tidak
adekuat
• Kadar ADH menurun
• Na intake meningkat
• Diuresis > 100 ml/jam yang disertai dengan
hipernatremia, cekosmolalitas plasma dan urin apabila
Na serum >150 & osmolalitas urine< 300diduga DI (Diabetes
Insipidus)
Hypernatremia karena
kehilangan cairan
Central
Renal DI Loss
Water
• Trauma (basal skull fractures)
• Neurosurgery (hypophysectomy, dll)
• Space-occupying lesions
• Neoplasm
• Granulomas
• Infeksi (meningitis, encephalitis)
• Vascular (aneurysm)
• Posthypoxia
• Obat yang berinteraksi dengan pelepasan ADH
(Phenytoin)
• Idiopathic central DI
Hypernatremia karena
kehilangan cairan Renal Water
Loss
Nephrogenic DI
•Causa:
•Free water loss, Sodium
intake >>.
•Gejala:
•Irritabilitas, letargi, kejang,
fever, renal failure dan
rabdomiolisis.
•Terapi:
•Free water deficit = (BB X
0,6) X 1 – (desired Na/Actual
Na) (1000 mL).
•Diabetes Insipidus:
•Selain free water, diterapi
dengan DDVAP atau
vasopresin.
Kaliu
m
• Kalium ion positif terbanyak di intraselular
• Jangka pendek regulasi K ( dalam menit)
dipengaruhi oleh :
• Insulin (↑ Na+ masuk ke sel melalui Na/H antiporter)
• PH , K digunakan oleh tubuh untuk mengurangi
kelebihan H+ di ekstraselular dengan
menggerakkan K+ keluar dari sel danH+ masuk sel )
(acidemia akan mencetuskan
Hyperkalemia)
• B-agonist (↑ Na / K ATP ase activity)
• Konsentrasi Bicarbonate
Fisiologi
Kalium
• Pengaturan jangka panjang dilakukan oleh
ginjal dan aldosteron : menimbulkan
ekskresi kalium
• Kebutuhan kalium : 1-1.5 mEq/kgBB/hari
Hypokale
mia
• Kelainan elektrolit yang paling sering ditemukan (20%
pasien yang
dirawat kadar K < 3.5 mmol/L)
• Kadarnya di Intraselular 150 meq/L, di extraselular 3.5
– 5.0 meq/L
• Mild 3.0 –3.5 asymptomatic
• <3.0 weakness, constipation
• 2.0 - 2.5 kelemahan otot, arrhythmias, perubahan ECG
• < 2.0 -- ascending paralysis
Penyebab
hipokalemia
• Intake yang kurang
• GIT Losses
• Renal exkresi yang meningkat
(excess mineral corticoids &diuretics)
• Pergerakan K ke intraselular pada
kasus2 : acute alkalosis
terapi insulin
hypokalemic periodic
paralysis Stress related
chalechoamines
Terapi
Hypokalemia
• < 3.0 disertai perubahan gambaran EKG
gelombang T flat waves, gelombang U elevasi,
prolonged PR
• Terapi : melalui vena sentral 10-20
meq/jam untuk
dewasa
• Calcium chloride:
• diberikan melalui central venous catheter atau kateter infus yangbesar.
• Dosis: 10-20 mg/kg IV > 5-10 menit.
Magnesi
um
• Normal 1.7 –2.4 meq/L
48
Chlori
de
49
Hypochloremia:
Causes :
hypochloremic alkalosis (Cl- loss > Na+ loss; e.g., NG sx.),
losses thru skin, GI tract, kidneys; changes in Na, Kor acid base
can alter Cl
Gejala klinik :
• agitation, irritability, coma & seizures;arrhythmias;
• slow, shallow respirations;
• muscle cramps & weakness,hypertonnicity,
• hyperactive reflexes, tetany
• treatment includes increased chloride intake (salty foods, IVs; ifNa too hi,
then IV KCl
Hyperchloremia
• Penyebab :
• increased intake (c Na), drugs (ammonium chloride, Kayexalate (Cl-
exchanged for K+), carbonic anhydrase inhibitors [acetazolamide]);
hyperaldosteronism (Cl passively reabsorbed )
• Gejala :
• coma; hyperventilation, arrythmias, lethargy, weakness; metabolic
acidosis;
• Terapi :
• fluids or IVs (LR - if OKliver fcn.) or NaHCO3); possiblydiuretics