CARPENTRY AND

MASONRY

By: IST
CARPENTRY
• CARPENTRY
– art and manner of cutting, forming and joining
wood parts together.
– involves shaping and assembling structural
woodwork.
• Carpenter – Builder or skilled craftsman
who performs carpentry works
• Woodworking – Skills developed in terms
of measuring, cutting, framing, joining and
finishing wood materials.
PARTS OF WOOD
 is the outermost layer of stem and root of
Bark
woody plants.

Cambium a thin layer of generative tissue lying

layer between the bark and the wood of a stem

is the living, outermost portion of a woody

Sapwood
stem

inner part of the wood which is made up of

Heartwood
accumulated dead cells.
Or medulla is a tissue in
Pith the stems of vascular plants. It is located in
the center of the stem
 Types of Woods
1. Lumber
–Woods that came from trees, either
softwood or hardwood.
• Softwood – called as conifers
because many of them bear cones.
• Hardwood – comes from broad
leafed (deciduous) trees
2. Yard lumber
–Prepared lumber for variety of uses.
• Select grade – lumber of good
appearance that can take different
finishes such as stain, paint, and
enamel.
• Common grade – suitable for rough
carpentry. It is not of finishing quality
(eg. Coco Lumber)
3. Manufactured wood
– Also called man-made wood, this are timber sheets
which are produced by gluing wood layers
or wood fibers together.

•Wood veneer –thin slices of wood

•Plywood – a sheet material from thin layers or "plies" of wood
veneer
•Pressed wood or Fiber wood – also called as Medium-density
fiber (MDF), made from woodchips
•Particle board – also known as Low-density fiber (LDF) or
chipboard. It’s cheaper, denser and more uniform than
conventional wood and plywood
•Laminated wood – logs are processed by sawmilling and
drying
• DEFECTS OF WOODS
Knot – Branch or limb has been exposed
Check – small crack or split.
Split – break or big crack in the board.
Decay – Rotting of wood
Stain – Discoloration
Wane – lack of wood on the face of the piece
Warp – crack, bow, cup, wind (twist) or any
combination of this.
• Lumbers are sold following the description:
 Surfaced two side or S2S – planed or smooth on
two sides.
 Surfaced four side or S4S – planed or smooth on
four sides.
 Surfaced in two side and one edge or S3S – board
has been surfaced S2S first, then one edge is ripped
straight.
 Rough lumber – unplanned usually passes exact
dimension in T, W, L.
 Surfaced lumber – Planed lumber usually lessened
in actual size by about 3/8 of an inch.
• Prices of lumber ranges according to
the following:
1. Types of wood
2. Dimensions
3. Grades of lumber – either sun dried, air
dried or kiln dried
• Basic Consideration on the Quality of
Work Done:
1. Quality of wood selected
2. The design of the project
3. The skill and basic processes involved in
making the project

• Wood Preparation
1. Seasoning – process of drying the wood in
preparation for use.
2. Finishing
 Seasoning
• the process of drying the wood in
preparation for use.
– Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood
in open air
– Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the use of oven
to dry wood
– Treated – Use of Chemical compound before
seasoning
• approximate moisture content of
drying hardwood for home furniture
are:
20 % for softwood
6-12 % for hardwood
 Finishing
• Scraper – used to produce a very smooth
surface.
• Sand paper – used to smoothen the surface of
wood.
• Wood fillers (Masilya) – used to eliminate deep
cuts and holes
• Stain – a wood finishing metal, derived from
different color of woods such as walnut,
mahogany and natural color.
• Shellac – came from gums substances of
insects
• a. Orange Shellac – natural type
• b. White Shellac – produced by bleaching
• Varnish – most used clear finishing material
• Paints – most widely use in finishing a project.
• a. Latex paint – is easier to work with and dries more quickly
• b. Enamel Paint – used for coating surfaces that are
outdoors
• c. Lacquer Paint – used for a number of hard and potentially
shiny finishes applied to materials such as wood and metals.
• Common Wood Joints
1. Dado Joint (across the grain) Groove that
runs on board, commonly use for making
cabinets and bookshelves.
2. Rabbet Joint (along the grain) Commonly
used for making frames to hold glasses in
drawers and other cabinetwork.
3. Mortise and Tenon (force fitting) Oldest
and strongest kind of wood joint. This is
considered best for quality chairs, tables and
benches.
4. Miter Joint Uses 45 degrees angle cut,
intended for making frames.
5. Lap Joint Used for reinforcing wood length.
Wood assembling is overlapping each other.
6. Butt Joint Simplest type of wood joint, two
pieces of wood is nailed in one end.
7. Dovetail Joint Used on the corner of
drawers and chairs.
8. Tongue and Groove is widely used for re-
entrant angles, allow two flat pieces to be
joined strongly together to make a single flat
surface
 Miter joint Lap joint

Butt joint
Rabbet joint
• MITER JOINT – picture
frame
• LAP or BUTT JOINT –
tables and chairs
• MORTISE and TENON –
chairs, table and benches
• Cutting Tools
1. Back Saw – making wood joint.
2. Coping Saw – irregular shape and curves
3. Crosscut Saw – across the grain
4. Hack Saw – cut metal
5. Key Hole or Compass Saw – irregular and
circle shape in wood.
6. Long crosscut Saw – large and round
lumber
7. Rip Saw – along the grain
• WOODWORKING METHODS
• DESIGN A PRODUCT
Designing processes to follow;
1. Clarify the purpose, condition and place of
use.
2. Draw a conceptual picture.
3. List the materials needed.
4. List the tools and equipment to be used in
processing.
5. Prepare technical drawings and parts
drawings.
6. Make prototype if possible.
• Wood Floor System
1. Girder – principal beam extending from wall to
wall.
2. Floor joist – placed on the girders where the
floor boards are fastened
3. Sill – rest horizontally upon the foundation
4. Header – Short transverse joist that supports
the end of cut-off joist at a stair well hole
5. Trimmer – Supporting joist which carries an
end portion of header.
6. Flooring – tongue and groove board which is
most common of wood flooring materials.
• Roof System
1. Shed or Lean-to-Roof – Simplest form of roof
consisting of one single slope.
2. Gable or Pitch Roof – Most common type and
economical form of roof
3. Hip Roof – Common form used in modern houses
4. Hip and Valley Roof – Combination of hip roof and an
intersecting gable roof forming T or L shaped building.
5. Pyramid Roof – Modification of hip roof
6. Gambrel Roof – Modification of the gable roof with
each side having two slopes.
7. Dome – Hemispherical form of roof
• Types of Roof Frame
Rafters
1. Common Rafter – extended at right angle from the
plate or girt to the ridge.
2. Hip Rafter – diagonally laid from the corner of plate
or girt to the ridge.
3. Valley Rafter – does not extend from plate or girt to
the ridge.
4. Jack Rafter – frame between hip rafter and girt are
called hip jack. The frame between the ridge and
valley rafter are called valley jack and those frame
between the hip and valley rafter are called cripple
jack.
5. Octagonal Rafter – placed on octagonal shaped
plate at the central apex or ridge pole.
Truss
– series of triangles used to distribute load and
stiffen the structure spacing
1. Girts – the structural member that supports
the rafters or truss of a building.
2. Collar Beam – ties between rafters on
opposite sides of roof.
3. Purlins – the structural member placed on
top of the rafter or top chord of a truss that
support the roofing materials.
 Common Parts of a Stair
Rise Height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.
Riser Vertical face of stair step.
Horizontal distance from the first to last riser of stair
Run
flight.
Landing Horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.
Well Place occupied by flight of stairs
Well Hole Opening in the floor at the top of the flight of stairs.
Stair Clear vertical height measured from nosing of a stair
Headroom tread to any overhead construction.
Tread Horizontal part of a step including the nosing.
Step Stair unit which consist of one tread and one riser.
Winders Steps not parallel with each other
The Stairs
Board foot (unit measurement of
lumber)
• (T” x W” x L’ ) / 12
• Example:
– 7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’ , cost Php 11.00 per
board feet.
 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd.
Ft.
 (8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 11.00
56 bd. Ft. x Php 11.00
Php 616.00
MASONRY
• Concrete – artificial stone as a result of
mixing sand, cement, gravel and water.
• Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and water
used for binding stones, bricks, etc. or for
plastering.
• Plaster – mixture applied wet to wall or
ceilings and hardened to produce smooth
surface.
• Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with
water to form a hard stone-like substance.
– Two types of Cement
• Portland Cement (Approx 24Hrs Curing Period)
• Pozzoland Cement (Approx 72Hrs Curing Period)
• CHB – most widely used masonry material
• Bricks – manufactured from clay
• Ashlars – stone blocks laid in parallel
horizontal courses.
• Rubble stone – irregular stones with good
face for wall surface.
• Aggregates – material bound together
into a conglomerated mass by cement and
water to form concrete, mortar or plaster.
– Fine sand
– Coarse crushed rocks, gravel
 HAND
CLASS CEMENT SAND GRAVEL
MIXING

AA 1 1.5 3
½ kg
water + 1
A 1 2 4 kg
cement +
2 kg sand
B 1 2.5 5
+ 2.5 to 3
kg gravel
C 1 3 6
 Tiles per square meter
TILE SIZE TILE SIZE NUMBER OF
(METRIC) (ENGLISH) TILES
20x20 8x8 25 pcs
20x25 8x10 20 pcs
30x30 12x12 11 pcs
33x33 13x13 9.25 pcs
40x40 16x16 6.25 pcs
50x50 18x18 4 pcs
60x60 24x24 2.7 pcs
CHB lay per bag of Cement

CHB Size No. of Pieces

4” x 8” x 16” 55 to 60 pcs

6” x 8” x 16” 30 to 36 pcs

8” x 8” x 16” 25 to 30 pcs
BLESSING NOTES
• Carpentry – referring to technology and
science of cutting, fitting, and assembling
• thumb – used as guide
• working with piece of materials as in
sawing, boring, filing and planing, always
use – Clamps
• marking the thickness – marking gauge
• squareness – Try square
• Angles – Sliding T bevel
• along the grain – Rip saw
• Across the grain – Crosscut saw
• retracts automatically by a spring – Push
steel rule
• Soft wood – needle like leaves
• Hard wood – deciduos trees
• Plywood – sheets of woods
• highest level of bending strength –
Diagonal the fiber direction
• hardwood – 6-12 %
• Softwood – 20 %
• angle used in sawing soft and thin wood –
30-45 degrees
• Seasoning - process of drying the lumber
• Sawing – preparation of wood for
commercial purposes
• common plywood is 4 x 8 feet
• provides greater holding power than nails
– screw
• process of smoothening using sand
paper – Sanding
• constructing tables and chairs – Mortise
and Tenon
• CHB – bound together by a material
called mortar
• artificial stone – Concrete
• most widely used masonry materials –
Hollow blocks
• manufactured from clay – Bricks
• conglomerated mass – Aggregates
• aggregate components of a total mass of
concrete – 90% (exact composition is
95%)
• 1: 3: 6 – class C concrete mixture
• hand mixing ½ kg of water + 1 kg of
cement + 2 kg of sand + 2.5 – 3 kg of
gravel
• vertical – Plumb bob
• classifications of masonry tools – none
of the above (2 only, Roughing Up and
Surface Finishing Tools)
• finishing a surface – Float
• fine textured concrete plaster – Rubber
foam
• Economy – NOT to be considered in
proportioning concrete mixture
• commonly used in small and large
construction – Portland cement
• practices in mixing cement EXCEPT,
Add plenty of water
• purpose of footing in masonry, It prevents
the foundation from sinking
• Has long period of curing time – Pozzolan
• smallest division of the metric scale –
millimeter
• one inch to centimeters – 2.54
• best to use – Kiln dried
• caliper – cylindrical object
• Fastening materials – nails
• Plywood – three or more veneer slice
• strongest form – mortise and tenon
• sanding – done before the application of
finishing materials
• S4S – four of its sides are smooth or
planed
• splicing or joining of wood using two side
blocks – Fishing
• simplest – Butt joint
• major horizontal support – Header
• series of triangles – Truss
• 60 degrees –tooth of a cross cut saw
• solid color instead of a wood pattern –
Opaque finishes
• oldest and most commonly used building
material – Wood
• conifers – Soft wood
• binding agent – Cement
• rough – cutting marks are visible
• put through planking machine – dressed
• been dresses and matched, ship lapped,
or patterned – worked
• plank of wood that has been roughly cut –
Lumber
• Flat-grain – parallel to the face
• Edge-grain – 90 degrees to the face
• art of building with stone, bricks, concrete
– Masonry
• you hold on to – Handrail
• part do you step on – Tread (minsan
READ ang kalagay sa option)
• Door hinge – door swing when you close
and open it
• standard height of the riser – 6-8 inches
• protective equipment, EXCEPT – ear
muffs
• Helmet – protects the carpenter from
falling objects
• protects the carpenter from falling – Belt
and harness
• compress baked clay – Bricks
• closely together – Close-grain
• do not run parallel to the board – Cross-
grain
• picture frame – Miter joint
• shelves of a bookcase – Dado joint
• end of one member inserted to hole of the
other member – Mortise and Tenon joint
• Lap joint – one side over the other
• Butt joint – one end over the other
• rigid and durable – Mortise and Tenon
joint
• 45 degrees angle – Miter joint
• protects the room occupants – Rabbet
joint
• middle of a bench – Bridle joint
• English system – inch
• Metric system – meter
• measure long distances – Pull-push rule
• mark very rough objects – Chalk line
• vertical line – Plum bob
• fasten and remove nails – Claw hammer
• smoothen wood surfaces – Plane
• smooth finish of concrete after floating –
Concrete trowel
• cut brick, block, or stone – Mason's
hammer
• repair mortar joints – Pointing trowel
• and move mortar – Brick trowel
• mix concrete – Shovel
• lays bricks – Hawk
• flat with handle at the back usually made
of wood – Float
• shaping and forming concrete edges –
Edger
• mix concrete for column and slab – 1 : 1
1/2 : 3
• class B mixture – 1 : 2 1/2 : 5
• mix concrete for a slab in the ground – 1 :
2:4
• mix concrete for hollow block filler – 1 : 3 :
6
• can be molded without segregation –
Plasticity
• degree of wetness or slump –
Consistency
• results from mixing cement, sand, and
water – Mortar
• results from mixing cement and water –
Grout
• process of finishing using mortar –
Plastering
• Start laying ceramic tiles – Center
• Start laying concrete hollow blocks – Left
• mix mortar for plastering – cement and
sand
• toilet and bathroom flooring – Non-skid
granite tiles
• Bricks longer side is exposed to view –
Stretcher
• regulate the strength of concrete, EXCEPT
, Dropping concrete mixture from high
elevation
• 1:2:4 – Class A
• set-up the lateral level of a concrete fence
– Spirit level
• coarse aggregates – Gravel
• process of hardening of concrete – Curing
• widely used in small and large
construction including roads and highways
– Portland cement
• added to the batch immediately before or
during its mixing – Admixture
• the structural reinforcing member –
Stirrups
• structure that holds the poured concrete –
Forms
• days shall concrete be maintained above
10 °C temperature – 7 days
• 4" x 8" x 16" concrete hollow blocks – 55
to 60 pcs
COMPUTATION
• A carpenter bought 7 pieces of 2”x4”x12’
lumber. If the price is 35.00 per board foot,
how much did he pay?

a. 1,980.00 c. 1,950.00
b. 1,940.00 d. 1,960.00
2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.
(8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 35.00
56 bd. Ft. x Php 35.00
= Php 1,960.00
• Find the total number of board feet of six
pieces of lumber with a dimension of 2" x
4" x 12'.

a. 8 bd. ft.
b. 96 bd. ft.
c. 48 bd. ft.
d. 480 bd. ft.

2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8
8 bd. ft. x 6 pcs = 48 bd. Ft.
• If you have 2 ft length of a piece of wood,
how long is it in inches?

a. 25
b. 12
c. 22
d. 24

2 ft x 12 inches = 24 inches
• If you have 2 yards length of a piece of
wood, how long is it in inches?

a. 82
b. 72
c. 84
d. 64

2 yards x 36 inches = 72 inches

• 10 yards length of wood is how many feet?

a. 36
b. 35
c. 30
d. 24

10 yards x 3 feet = 30 feet

• One decameter of G.I. sheets is how many
centimeters?

a. 10
b. 20
c. 100
d. 1,000

1 decameter = 0.10 meter

1 meter = 100 centimeter
0.10 m x 100 cm = 10
• A 2" x 3" x 12' lumber is how many board
feet?

a. 2
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10

(2 x 3 x 12) /12 = 72/12

=6
• 5 pcs. of a 1" x 1' x 8' lumber is how many
board feet?

a. 30
b. 35
c. 40
d. 45

1x1x8=8
8 x 5 pcs = 40
• 50 millimeters length of a piece of lumber is how
many decimeter?
a. 5
b. 0.05
c. 0.005
d. 0.5

1 meter = 1000 millimeter

1 meter = 10 decimeter
50 mm / 1000 m = 0.05 m
0.05 m x 10 dm = 0.5 dm
• How tall is a 10 meter building in inches?

a. 3.937
b. 39.37
c. 393.7
d. 3,937

1 m = 39.37 inches
10 x 39.37 = 393.7
• A mason wants to lay concrete hollow
blocks into a 10 sq.m. wall. How many
CHB are needed?

a. 100 pcs.
b. 120 pcs.
c. 122.5 pcs.
d. 125 pcs.

10 sq. m x 12.5 pcs (standard) = 125 pcs

• A mason wants to lay 16" by 16" ceramic
tiles in a 10 sq.m. room. How many tiles
are needed?

a. 60 pcs.
b. 61.5 pcs.
c. 62.5 pcs.
d. 63 pcs.

10 sq m x 6.25 pcs (16”x16”) = 62.5 pcs

• ) How many CHBs are installed for a wall
having a dimension of 2.5 m width and 4.0
m height?
a. 125 pcs.
b. 122.5 pcs.
c. 300 pcs.
d. 400 pcs.

2.5 m x 4 m = 10 sq m
10 sq m x 12.5 pcs = 125 pcs
• How many 8" x 8" wall tiles are needed in
a wall 2.5 m width and 4.0 m height?
a. 300 pcs.
b. 500 pcs.
c. 550 pcs.
d. 600 pcs.

2.5 m x 4 m = 10 sq m
10 sq m x 25 pcs (8”x8”) = 250 pcs
(pwede yung 300 dahil nearest to 250)
• A carpenter bought 10 pcs. of a 2" x 3" x 8'
lumber. If the price of lumber is ₱50.00 per
board foot, how much did he pay?
a. ₱1,800
b. ₱1,900
c. ₱2,000
d. ₱2,100

2 x 3 x 8 / 12 = 4
4 x 10 pcs = 40 bd ft x Php 50 = Php 2,000
• A carpenter bought 10 pcs. of a 2" x 4" x 6'
lumber. If the price of lumber is P50.00 per
board foot, how much did he pay?
a. ₱1,800
b. ₱1,900
c. ₱2,000
d. ₱2,100

2 x 4 x 6 / 12 = 4
4 x 10 pcs = 40 bd ft x Php 50 = Php 2,000
• How many cubic yard of concrete do you
need to cover a space with an area of 25
square foot and a slab thickness of four (4)
inches?
a. 0.34 cu. yd.
b. 0.32 cu. yd.
c. 0.25 cu. yd.
d. 0.51 cu. yd.
• Convert 4 inches into foot
– 4 / 12 = 0.33

0.33 x 25 sq m
8.25 sq m / 27 (cu. yrd)
0.30555 … or 0.31 cu. yrd
(0.34 is the nearest)
• To convert from feet to get number of
meters, multiply feet by?
a. 0.3048
b. 25.4
c. 30.48
d. 2.54

Feet to meter
1 ft = 0.3048 m