CCNA 1 - OSI Model and Application Layer

CCNA 1: An Introduction to
Networking
Network-Aware Applications &
Services
(“Application Layer”)
Services
Learning Objectives
• Describe the functions of the layers of the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model
• Explain how the protocols in the top layer of the OSI
model interact with OS services
• Explain the concept of a network-aware application and
its relationship to services and protocols
• Name and describe some of today’s well-known TCP/IP
applications
• Explain the importance of protocols and OS
interoperability
Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 2

Networking Logical Models
• Devices and software mapped to logical model to

use OS functionality
• Many OS service programs load when computer boots
• OS services are applications that are always running in
the background of the OS
• Logical model not an actual program
• A series of “layers” that define functionality
• OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model
describes how network hardware and software
operate
The OSI Model
• Model comprised of seven logical layers

• Application (7), Presentation (6), Session (5),
Transport (4), Network (3), Data Link (2), Physical (1)
• Each layer’s communication is standardized so
adjacent layers know how to communicate with
each other
• Device and software communication is
standardized using OS services
• One service can call on the functionality of another
service to facilitate network functionality

Preview of OSI Model
OSI OSI Layer Encapsulation Devices or
TCP/IP Protocols Keywords/Description
Layer # Name Units Components
Network services for application

Application processes, such as file, print,
FTP, HTTP, POP3, IMAP, telnet, messaging, database services
7 data PC
SMTP, DNS, TFTP
(Away)
Standard interface to data for the

Presentation application layer. MIME encoding,
6 data data encryption, conversion,
formatting, compression
(Pizza)
Interhost communication.
Session data Establishes, manages and
5 terminates connection between
applications
(Sausage) (Drippy)
End-to-end connections and

Transport segments reliability.
4 TCP, UDP Segmentation/desegmentation of
data in proper sequence. Flow
(Throw) (Sweet) control
Logical addressing and path

Network packets determination. Routing. Reporting
3 router IP delivery errors
(not) (Pancakes)
Physical addressing and access

Data Link frames to media. Two sublayers: Logical
2 bridge, switch, NIC Link Control (LLC) and Media
Access Control (MAC)
(Do) (For)
Binary transmission signals and

Physical bits encoding. Layout of pins,
1 repeater, hub, tranceiver voltages, cable specifications,
modulation
(Please) (Breakfast)

OSI Model Layer 7: Application
Layer
• Network-aware software on a device calls on OS
services to begin the network communication
process by converting the software’s
communication into a format that can be readied
for transmission
• You click “send” on an e-mail to start this process
• The communication is called data at this level

OSI Model Layer 6: Presentation
Layer
• Takes the converted message and further
transforms it for electronic transmission
• Services prepare the data for transport by
adding a header to each piece of data sent
• Also handles file compression and/or encryption
if the file is or needs to be encrypted
• If your e-mail a compressed file, the compression
type used, etc. is handled here
• The communication is still called data at this level

OSI Model Layer 5: Session Layer
• Manages asynchronous application-to-

application communication.
• You send an e-mail to your friend. Services here
record that an e-mail program needs to receive this
communication (and vice-versa)
• Services prepare the data for transport by adding a
header to each piece of data sent
• The communication is still called data at this level

OSI Model Layer 4: Transport
Layer
• Manages asynchronous device-to-device
communication
• Services here indicate where a file (and
communication) begins and ends
• Ensures that pieces of the communication are put in
the right order (sending and receiving)
• Services prepare the segment for transport by adding
a header to each segment
• The communication is called a segment at this level
and is encoded with information about the
communication and instructions

OSI Model Layer 3: Network Layer
• Manages asynchronous network-to-network

communication
• Services prepare the packet for transport by adding a
header (no trailer) to each packet
• Services inform receiving devices as to the packet’s
source, destination, protocol, etc.
• The communication is called a packet at this level
since services split the segment into manageable
sizes and further encode each packet with information
to be used by Layer 3 devices (routers)

OSI Model Layer 2: Data Link
Layer
• Determines applicable networking protocols for
this packet and at the same time readies the
packet for transport using whatever media is
supported by the NIC (Ethernet, wireless, fiber
optic)
• Services prepare the frame for transport by adding a
header and trailer to each frame
• If computer’s NIC uses copper cable it expects the
communication to be encoded according to the
Ethernet standard
• The communication is called a frame at this level
OSI Model Layer 1: Physical Layer
• NIC takes the computer’s digital electronic signal

and transforms it into a signal that can be placed
on the NIC’s media
• The e-mail is translated into electronic impulses and
moved from the NIC to the wires at the end of the RJ-
45 and pushed across the entire cable length to the
next device (which is usually a switch or router)
• The communication is called bits at this level
• Obviously, no header or trailer is added to the
bits as they are transmitted one bit at a time

Mnemonics Help to
Memorize Layer Order
• Easy to remember OSI model layer order using
mnemonics. Review of order…
• Application (7), Presentation (6), Session (5),
Transport (4), Network (3), Data Link (2), Physical (1)
• Top to bottom:
• All People Standing Totally Naked Don’t Perspire
• Bottom to top:
• Please Do Not Teach Students Phony Acronyms

Mnemonics Help to Memorize
Communication Name Order
• Easy to remember what to call the data too:
• Data -> Segment -> Packet -> Frame -> Bits
– Drippy Sweet Pancakes For Breakfast
• Segments created by encapsulating data inside,
appended by header & trailer
• Packets created by encapsulating segment inside,
appended by header (no trailer)
• Frame created by encapsulating packet inside,
appended by header & trailer
• Bits created by encoding frame into electronic
impulses, radio waves, or photons (0’s & 1’s)
Devices & the OSI Model
• Devices operate at specific layers:

• Layer 3 – routers, and switches that also function as a
router (known as a “L3 switch”)
• Layer 2 – switches and most NIC functionality
• Layer 1 – hubs, some NIC functionality, network
cabling, wireless antennae

Application Layer Apps & Services
• Network-aware applications
• Software people use to access the Internet
• Cloud apps, e-mail, browser are examples
• Application layer services
• OS programs that assist network-aware apps
• Network-aware apps “call” on these services to
access the Internet

Application Layer Functionality
• Application layer services running on laptop

implement protocols to embed information for
Application layer services running on the
receiving device
 The communication is an e-mail message or a
webpage request

Clients, Servers, & Peers
• Clients request data from servers

• Web browser requests webpage from Web server
• Servers provide data to clients
• Web server returns webpage HTML via HTTP to client
• Peers can act as client &/or server
• User logged into Web server prints a page via a Print
server
– Web server both client & server as it serves up webpages
and requests print jobs
• All based on implementation of protocols
Protocols
• Protocols global standard or vendor-proprietary

• IP a global standard
• TCP/IP a standardized suite of protocols
• Cisco High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) network
protocol optimized for Cisco devices
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
HDLC a global standard, works on any vendor’s
device
– Many other examples will come in time!

Protocol Importance
• Protocols facilitate standardized communication

• Protocols implemented the same in all hardware
& OS globally
• Protocols establish:
• How to begin & end a communication
• Message formats
• Standardized processes
• Error detection & recovery

Protocol Independence
• Protocols are technology independent

• Example: HTTP
• Protocols usually just describe what needs to be
done
• Postal Service requires formatted destination address
on front of envelope
• Protocols do not usually describe precisely how
to do it
• Post office does not dictate exactly where on
envelope destination address is to be written, etc.
Protocols & Ports
• Some Application layer protocols mapped to

specific port number
• TCP and UDP protocols mapped to ports
• Ports on devices similar to phone extension
within phone system
• TCP Protocol & port number Examples:
 HTTP: 80  DHCP: 67 & 68
 DNS: 53  FTP: 20 & 21

E-mail Port Examples
• Microsoft Outlook installed on PC:
• Launching Outlook automatically sends request to e-
mail server to receive email using POP3
– Outlook calls services running on host to access the Internet
and usually formats the request using Post Office Protocol,
version 3 standard
– POP3 mapped to port 110
• Next operation is to send e-mail to the e-mail server
using SMTP
– Outlook calls services running on host to access the Internet
and formats the request using Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,
standard
– SMTP mapped to port 25
Configuring Outlook
• Configuring Outlook for Gmail:

Some Other Protocols & Ports
• Domain Name System (DNS) – TCP/UDP Port

53
• TCP used for reliable communication and UDP used
when communicating with other hosts
• Telnet – TCP Port 23
• Used to communicate with a remote host using IP
• Trivial FTP – UDP Port 69
• Used to quickly transfer files between LAN devices
• HTTPS – TCP Port 443
• Secure HTTP over the network
DHCP Protocol
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - UDP

Ports 67 and 68
• When a host (client) boots it usually requests an IP
address from a DHCP server on port 67
• DHCP server responds on port 68
• If message is lost, client requests it again after a small
period of time passes without response
– Unreliable communication core component of UDP

DHCP Client Service
• DHCP Client service

• Handles requesting &
receipt of IP address
from DHCP
• Can update DNS with
its name to IP
address information
for DNS A record type

DHCP Operations
• DHCP Client service enables hosts on a network

to obtain IP address and other information from a
DHCP server
• DHCP server chooses available address from a
range of addresses called a pool and leases it to
the host for a specific period of time
• DHCP server usually a dedicated server
• Home network DHCP server usually your home router

DNS Protocol
• Networking functions by IP address – not names

• People cannot remember long IP addresses so
names used to facilitate communication
• Name is mapped to current IP address
• If the name is known, DNS locates the current IP
address mapped to that name
– Domain Name System (DNS) resolves names to
current IP addresses
• DNS servers maintain databases with current
mappings in DNS records
DNS Client Service
• DNS services enabled

on hosts by default
• Network-aware apps
need DNS Client service
to resolve Internet
names to IP addresses
• Browser cannot open its
Home page without its IP
address!

DNS Server
• Hosts assigned default DNS server

• DNS Client service able to communicate with
DNS server on behalf of host
• DNS Client services “know” how to format message
so that DNS server understands it and to receive its
reply on behalf of the host

DNS Record Types
• DNS server maintains different types of resource

records used to resolve names
• Records contain the name, IP address, and identify
the record type
• Common DNS record types are:
• A – an end device name and IP address mapping
• PTR – pointer record; reverse of A record type
• NS – an authoritative name server for a network
• MX – mail exchange record; maps a domain name to
its mail exchange servers

DNS Hierarchy
• DNS uses a hierarchical system to create a

name database for its name to IP address
resolution
• System called a namespace
• DNS root at very top of tree
• A registered name can only exist once in global
name space of DNS names

DNS Graphic (Example)

FTP Protocol
• FTP developed to allow for fast file transfers

between a client and a server
• Client establishes initial connection to the server on
port 21 to set rules of communication
• Called the command or control port
• Client establishes the second connection to the
server on port 20 to transfer files

Telnet Protocol
• Telnet allows emulation of text-based terminal

devices over the IP network (port 23)
• Both the protocol and its client software are
referred to as telnet
• A telnet connection is called a Virtual Terminal
(VTY) session
• Telnet not secure – better to use Secure Shell (SSH)
• Run telnet from command-line or use third-party
freeware
– Usually Tera Term or Putty

Putting It All Together
OSI OSI Layer Encapsulation Devices or
TCP/IP Protocols Keywords/Description
Layer # Name Units Components
Network services for application

Application processes, such as file, print,
FTP, HTTP, POP3, IMAP, telnet, messaging, database services
7 data PC
SMTP, DNS, TFTP
(Away)
Standard interface to data for the

Presentation application layer. MIME encoding,
6 data data encryption, conversion,
formatting, compression
(Pizza)
Interhost communication.
Session data Establishes, manages and
5 terminates connection between
applications
(Sausage) (Drippy)
End-to-end connections and

Transport segments reliability.
4 TCP, UDP Segmentation/desegmentation of
data in proper sequence. Flow
(Throw) (Sweet) control
Logical addressing and path

Network packets determination. Routing. Reporting
3 router IP delivery errors
(not) (Pancakes)
Physical addressing and access

Data Link frames to media. Two sublayers: Logical
2 bridge, switch, NIC Link Control (LLC) and Media
Access Control (MAC)
(Do) (For)
Binary transmission signals and

Physical bits encoding. Layout of pins,
1 repeater, hub, tranceiver voltages, cable specifications,
modulation
(Please) (Breakfast)

Services
Summary
• Describe the functions of the layers of the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model
• Explain how the protocols in the top layer of the OSI
model interact with OS services
• Explain the concept of a network-aware application and
its relationship to services and protocols
• Name and describe some of today’s well-known TCP/IP
applications
• Explain the importance of protocols and OS
interoperability
IP Addressing
References
References
• Odem, W. Cisco CCENT/CCNA ICND1 Academic Edition. 1st ed. Indianapolis: Cisco Press; 2013.
• Odem, W. Cisco CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-101. 1st ed. Indianapolis: Cisco Press; 2013.
• Odem, W. Cisco CCNA ICND2 200-101. 1st ed. Indianapolis: Cisco Press; 2013.
• Dean, T. Network+ Guide to Networks. 6th ed. Boston. Course Technology; 2012.
• Cisco HDLC. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2013 June 30; [cited 01 July 13]; Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_HDLC.
• High-Level Data Link Control. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2013 May 13; [cited 01 July 13];
Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDLC.
• OSI model. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2013 July 01; [cited 01 July 13]; Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_System_Interconnection
• Communications protocol. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2013 July 01; [cited 01 July 13]; Available
from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol.
• List of TCP and UDP port numbers. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2013 July 02; [cited 02 July 13];
Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers.
• Domain name system. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2013 July 01; [cited 02 July 13]; Available
from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_system.
• IP address. Wikipedia [free encyclopedia on the Internet]. 2013 May 09; [cited 02 July 13]; Available from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address.
• Start your domain search here. GoDaddy.com (Internet commercial entity). 2013 July 01; [cited 02 July 13];
Available from: http://www.godaddy.com/domains/search.aspx?ci=78118.

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CCNA 1: An Introduction to

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 2

• Devices and software mapped to logical model to

• Model comprised of seven logical layers

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 4

Network services for application

Standard interface to data for the

End-to-end connections and

Logical addressing and path

Physical addressing and access

Binary transmission signals and

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 5

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 6

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 7

• Manages asynchronous application-to-

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 8

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 9

• Manages asynchronous network-to-network

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 10

• NIC takes the computer’s digital electronic signal

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 12

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 13

• Devices operate at specific layers:

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 15

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 16

• Application layer services running on laptop

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 17

• Clients request data from servers

• Protocols global standard or vendor-proprietary

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 19

• Protocols facilitate standardized communication

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 20

• Protocols are technology independent

• Some Application layer protocols mapped to

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 22

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 24

• Domain Name System (DNS) – TCP/UDP Port

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - UDP

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 26

• DHCP Client service

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 27

• DHCP Client service enables hosts on a network

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 28

• Networking functions by IP address – not names

• DNS services enabled

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 30

• Hosts assigned default DNS server

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 31

• DNS server maintains different types of resource

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 32

• DNS uses a hierarchical system to create a

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 33

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 34

• FTP developed to allow for fast file transfers

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 35

• Telnet allows emulation of text-based terminal

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 36

Network services for application

Standard interface to data for the

End-to-end connections and

Logical addressing and path

Physical addressing and access

Binary transmission signals and