UNIVERSITAS BANDAR LAMPUNG

PEMILIHAN BAHAN DAN PROSES

M. YUNUS

2017
 ILMU MATERIAL
Dalam Ilmu
bahan
diamati
hubungan
antara :
Proses
Dengan Ilmu material Struktur
dapat dipilih material dan
proses yang tepat untuk Sifat
mendapat struktur dan
1. What is a crystal?

Brid
ge

high
resolution
transmission
electron
Steel op microscope
(metal) m ti
op icr cal (HRTEM)
e os
c
Ferr
ite pe
arli
Perbedaan ketebalan mempengaruhi bentuk
grafit
 1. What is a crystal?

HRTE
M

BCC (body
centred cubic)
WORLD OF MATERIALS
 SIFAT FISIK MATERIAL
o Sifat Mekanis :
Reaksi Terhadap Gaya Mekanik, Berhubungan
Dengan Kekuatan Material.
o Sifat Elektronik dan Magnit :
Reaksi Bahan Terhadap Medan Listrik Dan
Magnit, Berhubungan Dengan Konduktivitas.
o Sifat Thermal :
Reaksi Bahan Terhadap Konduktifitas Panas
Bahan Dan Kapasitas Panas Bahan
o Sifat Optik :
Sifat Bahan Termasuk Absorbsi, Pembiasan
Dan Penghamburan Cahaya.
o Sifat-sifat di atas ditentukan oleh struktur
mikro material
SIFAT MEKANIK MATERIAL SECARA UMUM
 SIFAT MEKANIK MATERIAL
o Pengujian Tarik;
Mesin uji dan bentuk sampel
uji tarik secara umum
 Sifat Mekanik:
Kekuatan Tarik (Tensile Strength)
o Tegangan maksimal pada kurva
tegangan-regangan

o Deformasi Logam: terjadi pada saat

necking mulai terbentuk
Sifat Mekanik: Kekuatan Tarik
(Tensile Strength)
 Sifat Mekanik:
Keuletan (Ductility)
o Perubahan dimensi material
yang terjadi saat pembebanan
o Dapat diukur dengan cara
L f - Lo
% EL = A -A
x 100 % RA = o f
Lo x 100
Ao
 Sifat Mekanik:
Ketangguhan (Toughness)
o Jumlah energy yang terserap untuk
mematahkan satu unit volume dari
material
o Merupakan luas area dibawah
kurva tegangan-regangan
 Sifat Mekanik:
Kekerasan (Hardness)
o Merupakan ketahanan material
terhadap indentasi di permukaan
o Semakin besar kekerasan berarti:
• Lebih tahan terhadap deformasi
plastis atau retak pada penekanan
(compression)
• Memiliki ketahanan aus yang lebih
baik
Hardness Testing
o Both tensile strength
and hardness are
indicators of metal's
resistance to plastic
deformation,
therefore they are
roughly proportional.
Rule of thumb:
o Tensile strength
(MPa) = 3.45 x HB

o Baik kekuatan tarik maupun

kekerasan adalah indikator
ketahanan material terhadap
 MATERIAL LOGAM
o Memiliki ikatan
logam
o Merupakan elemen

terbanyak di dunia
(merupakan
bagian terbesar
dari tabel
periodik)
o Berkekuatan tinggi
o Dapat dibentuk,

ulet
o Konduktor listrik Dua Jenis :
dan panas yang • Ferrous metals and
baik
Alloys (Besi, Baja)
• Nonferrous metals and
Alloys (Cu, Al, Sn, Pb, Ni)
 ATOM DAN KRISTAL LOGAM
o Bagian terkecil
dari logam adalah
Atom,terdiri dari :
proton, neutron
dan elektron
o Setiap atom
logam akan
membentuk
susunan atom
tersendiri
o Susunan atom ini
disebut kisi
 STRUKTUR KRISTAL
o Setiap logam memiliki struktur
kristal
o BCC = Iron & Steel
o FCC = Austenitik Stainless
Steel, Al, Cu
o HPC= Mg, Ti, Zn

o Keuntungan Logam
o Sifat Ductile (di bentuk tanpa
patah)
o Konduktor (listrik dan panas)
 IKATAN LOGAM
o Pada logam, elektron valensi
meninggalkan atomnya utk
membentuk "gas" elektron yang
bebas bergerak mengelilingi ion
logamnya.

oElektron terdelokalisasi dan

menimbulkan gaya ikat antar ion
logam. Ikatan antara atom seragam
MATERIAL POLIMER (PLASTIC)

o Memiliki ikatan
kovalent + van
der Waals
o Merupakan
material organik:
berbasis rantai
karbon dan
hidrogen
o Elastisitas tinggi

o Ringan
o Tahan korosi
MATERIAL KERAMIK

o Memiliki ikatan ion dan kovalen

o Berkekuatan dan kekerasan
tinggi
o Rapuh (Brittle)
o Tahan temperatur tinggi (Titik
Lebur Tinggi)
o Isolator panas dan listrik
o Untuk Pembuatan Busi
 KOMPOSIT
o Merupakan gabungan (bukan
senyawa) satu bahan dengan
bahan lain yang secara total,
sifat/kekuatan akhir material
lebih baik dibandingkan sifat
material tersebut masing-masing.
o Dasar Pemilihan Komposit;
Ringan, dan kekuatan mekanis
tinggi
EVOLUTION OF MATERIALS
Klasifikasi Material
KLASIFIKASI MATERIAL

aluminum

magnesium

copper
Ferrous Alloys
Cast Iron
BESI TUANG
o Komposisi Besi Tuang
Utama : Fe (besi)
Paduan : C (karbon) =
2.75 – 4.00%
Si (silikon) =
0.75 – 3.00%
Mn(mangan) =
0.25 – 1.50%
P (posfor) =
0.02 – 0.75%
TIPE BESI TUANG
1.White Cast Iron
2.Grey Cast Iron
(FC)
3.Mallable Cast
Matrix:
Iron
Ferritic,
4.Ductilepearlitic,
Cast
austenitic,
Iron (FCD)
martensitic,
5.Austempered
bainitic
Ductile Iron
(austempered)
(ADI)
Ciri :
Memiliki Grafit
bebas kecuali
KOMPOSISI BESI TUANG
SIFAT MEKANIK BESI TUANG
UTS Elong
(Kg/m asi
m2) (%)
Grey Cast Iron(FC) 10 – <1
35
Mallable Cast Iron 40 – 15 –
47 20
Nodular Cast Iron 45 – 3–
(FCD) 55 20
Austempered > 100 4 – 7
 GRAY CAST IRON
o When cast iron is allowed to cool slowly,
most of the free carbon solidifies in
large crystals known as graphite.
o A small part of the carbon combines
with iron to form cementite (Fe 3C).

• Iron and Carbon unit to form Iron

Carbide (Fe3C) “Cementite” with the
ratio of 1 Carbon : 14 Iron.
• Cementite: is very hard and brittle
substance so the more cementite the
iron contains the more it gets harder.
 WHITE CAST IRON
o When cast iron is not allowed to cool slowly, the
amount of cementite increases and the amount of
graphite decreases.
o Most carbon is reacted with Fe to get cementite
(Fe3C).
o Therefore, white cast iron is strong and hard but
brittle.
o Moreover, since it is rapidly cooled it has high initial
stresses.
 MALLEABLE CAST IRON
o Malleable Cast Iron: is obtained by
annealing the white cast iron.
o Annealing is the process of heating and
cooling to induce softening, which will
eliminate the initial stresses.
o Moreover, this type of cast iron is also
shaped by a hammer or by the pressure of
rollers.
o It has some ductility.
 CAST IRON
o All cast irons, in general, are brittle materials.
o They are easy to form shapes, by casting into
molds.
o They are cheaper than forming steel shapes.
Ferrous Alloys
Carbon Steel
Production of Steels
 Carbon Steels
o Classified by their
proportion (by weight) of
carbon content
o Low-carbon steel or mild
steel (<.30% Carbon)
o Medium-carbon steel
(0.3%<Carbon<0.6%)
o High-carbon steel (>0.6%
Carbon)
o Resulfurized carbon steels
KLASIFIKASI BAJA
KLASIFIKASI BAJA PADUAN

A = alloy, basic
open hearth
B = carbon,
acid Bessemer
C = carbon,
basic open
hearth
D = carbon,
acid open
hearth
E = electric
furnace

Contoh:
 Carbon Steels
o Classified by their proportion
(by weight) of carbon content
o Low-carbon steel or mild steel
(<.30% Carbon)
o Medium-carbon steel
(0.3%<Carbon<0.6%)
o High-carbon steel (>0.6%
Carbon)
o Resulfurized carbon steels
o
KLASIFIKASI BAJA
KLASIFIKASI BAJA PADUAN

A = alloy, basic
open hearth
B = carbon, acid
Bessemer
C = carbon, basic
open hearth
D = carbon, acid
open hearth
E = electric
furnace

Contoh:
AISI C1050
KLASIFIKASI BAJA PADUAN
Klasifikasi Baja Paduan
Klasifikasi Baja Paduan
Ferrous Alloys
Stainless Steel
FAMILY OF STAINLESS STEEL
 PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL
Alloy Group Magnetic Work Hardening Corrosion Hardenable
Response1 Rate Resistance2

Austenitic Generally No Very High High By Cold Work

Duplex Yes Medium Very High No

Ferritic Yes Medium Medium No

Martensitic Yes Medium Medium Quench &

Temper

Precipitation
Hardening Yes Medium Medium Age Harden

High
Low Temperature
Alloy Group Ductility Temperature Weldability
Resistance3
Resistance

Austenitic Very High Very High Very High Very High

Duplex Medium Low Medium High

Ferritic Medium High Low Low

Martensitic Low Low Low Low

Precipitation
Hardening Medium Low Low High
 Austenitic stainless
steel
• Widespread uses, piping, process vessels
with Cr from 16 to 26 and Ni minimum 8%
• Minimum Ni or Ni + Mn to ensure structure is
completely austenitic
• Some quenched from ~1100°C to retain 100%
austenite
• Have a strong tendency to work harden
because the energy of deformation promotes
transformation to martensite
Ferritic
• The second-largest class of stainless
steel, constituting approximately
25% of stainless production.
• These steels contain iron and
chromium, based on the composition
of 17% chromium.
Range of Cr 16 to 20%
Low carbon usually  0.2%, nickel,
nitrogen
Very resistant to chlorides, but tends
to be brittle

Grain growth during fabrication

 Duplex SS
• Introduced in the late 1970’s,
the presence of 40-60% ferrite
in austenitic alloys greatly
improves yield strength,
resistance to stress corrosion
cracking, and weldability.
• Contain very low C (≤ 0.03%),
Cr between 20% and 30%,
Ni ~5%, plus some ferritizer
and austenitizers
 MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEEL
o Not as corrosion-resistant as the
other classes but are extremely
strong and tough
o Contains chromium 12 – 14%,
molybdenum 0.2 – 1%, nickel
less than 2% and carbon 0.1 – 1%
o Can be hardened by heat
treatment
o Good surface finishes are not
MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEEL
o Not as corrosion-resistant as
the other classes but are
extremely strong and tough
o Contains chromium 12 – 14%,
molybdenum 0.2 – 1%, nickel
less than 2% and carbon 0.1
– 1%
o Can be hardened by heat
treatment
PRECIPITATION HARDENED STAINLESS STEEL
o Three types: martensitic, semi-austenitic and
austenitic based
o Ti, Al, Mo and Cu addition to promote precipitates
o Hardening by solution treatment, quenching and
aging
Ferrous Alloys
Tool Steel
KLASIFIKASI TOOL STEEL
TYPES OF TOOL STEEL
o High Speed Steels
• Group M – Molybdenum
• Group T – Tungsten
o Hot Work Steels
• Chromium
• Tungsten
• Molybdenum
o Cold Work Steels
• Air Hardening
• High Carbon, High
Chromium
• Oil Hardening
TYPES OF TOOL STEEL
o Shock Resisting
Steels
o Low Alloy
Special Purpose
Steels
o Mold Steels
 HEAT TREATMENTS
o Most Tool Steels Require Heat Treatment
After Fabrication
o Generally Respond Best To Slow Heating
Rates – Promotes Uniformity
o Groups M, T, and H Are Exceptions
o Quench Media Need To Be Clean and At
Uniform Temperature
o Consult Steel Suppliers For Specific
Recommendations
Non Ferrous
Aluminium Alloys
KLASIFIKASI ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
 KLASIFIKASI ALUMINIUM
ALLOYS
ht AluminumCast
Alloy Groups Alloy Groups
Aluminum
KLASIFIKASI ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
KLASIFIKASI ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
PERLAKUAN PANAS ALUMINIUM
PERLAKUAN PANAS ALUMINIUM
PERLAKUAN PANAS ALUMINIUM
PERLAKUAN PANAS ALUMINIUM
Non Ferrous
Magnesium Alloys
 KLASIFIKASI PADUAN
MAGNESIUM
AZ91C-T6
2 huruf Elemen paduan
utama A = aluminium Z =
2 angka Jumlah paduan
zinc
utama 9 = 9% Al 1 = 1%
1 huruf
Zn Paduan lain C =
Paduan ketiga
Klasifikasi Temper -T6 =
solution treatmen dan
pemanasan aging
KODE-KODE PENANDAAN
ASTM
•A- • F - As fabricated
Aluminiu • O - Annealed
m • H10 and H11 -
• E - Rare slightly strain
earths hard
•H- • H23, H24, H26 -
Thorium strain hardened
•K- and partially
Zirconiu annealed
m • T4 - artificially
 CONTOH MAGNESIUM
ALLOYS
o AZ91C-T6: 9Al-0.7Zn-0.13Mn
• Kekuatan menengah (91 MPa yield, 275 MPa
tensile), keuletan baik
o K1A: 1Zr
• Kapasitas redam tinggi
o QH21A: 2.5Ag-1Th-0.7Zr
• Komponen pesawat udara untuk hingga
250˚C
• 207 MPa yield, 275 MPa tensile
 CONTOH MAGNESIUM
ALLOYS
o AZ91B-F
• Paduan untuk proses die casting
o AM60A-F
• Roda automotive, ketangguhan
baik, kekuatan baik.
o AS41A-F
• Ketahanan creep baik hingga
175˚C
 CONTOH MAGNESIUM
ALLOYS
o AZ31B-F
• Batang ekstrusi dan dibentuk
untuk komponen baterai, sifat
mekanis menengah jika
digunakan untuk struktur.
o HK31A-H24 Sheet and plate ,
• Yield stress 205 MPa dan UTS
260 MPa, mampu las amat baik.
CONTOH MAGNESIUM ALLOYS
 CONTOH SIFAT
MAGNESIUM ALLOYS